Economic analysis of subsistence farmers in Bolivia: Three essays

The first essay examines the role that remittances plays in income diversification strategies in the developing world. Using a large and nationally representative survey for Bolivia, we find that remittances alleviate production constraints and market failures that are commonly faced by rural farmers in agrarian economies. They represent an additional income source that relax credit constraints, and hence facilitate further diversification of rural households into other nonfarm activities. The results are based on an endogenous bivariate probit model where the probability of diversification is in part determined by the decision to remit.The second essay demonstrates that the access to larger land endowments may not translate into income gains under conditions in which farmers may not have access to relevant rural markets, and hence are hypothesized to be confined to low (and even decreasing) marginal income values of land. Large farmers, on the contrary, freely access the market using their large land endowments and enjoy increasing marginal returns of the asset. A nationally representative survey data from Bolivia is primarily used to study the issue, and a semiparametric partially linear (PLR) regression model is applied to estimate the model's parameters. The results obtained confirm the derived marginal income effects of land for small farmers and large farmers, i.e. the relationship between land and wealth is nonlinear. The regional analysis carried out in this regard, ratifies the findings. Two estimation techniques were applied to verify the robustness of the results.The third essay analyzes the impact of nonfarm income activities on the country's rural poverty and income inequality, using the MLE with a careful incorporation of exclusion restrictions that ensures the identification of the model. In order to differentiate the estimation among the three contrasting agroclimatic regions existing in the country, and the ones in which there are also coca leaves' cultivations, regional dummy variables are conveniently incorporated. The resulting consistent and efficient estimates from the sample selectivity model were used to predict a counterfactual income for rural households that diversify out from farm activities, as if they would be pure farmers. The paper concludes that nonfarm income in rural Bolivia has helped reduce the depth and severity of poverty, but the number of poor would have statistically remained the same. In terms of inequality there was no evidence of any significant effect

Remittances and income diversification in Bolivia's rural sector

This article examines the role of remittances in income diversification strategies in Bolivia's rural sector. Remittances can be consumed or invested by the recipient. As an investment, funds can be used for farming or to finance other nonfarm productions. In this article, we use a large and nationally representative survey to estimate the effect that remittances have on the probability of producing income from nonfarm activities (diversification) by using a bivariate probit model. Our evidence shows that remittances increase the probability that a rural family engages in nonfarm activities, at least in some regions of Bolivia. We also find evidence that the sender's decision to remit and the recipient's decision to diversify may be jointly determined. As such, this suggests that remittances may serve as a mechanism to overcome localized failures in Bolivia's capital markets