Neutron Activation Analysis: Application in Geology and Medicine

Varied forms of neutron activation analysis (NAA), due to their high accuracy and reproducibility, are being used in geological studies and in medical application for the determination of concentration of elements down to the trace and ultra-trace level. Concentration of Cs, Sc, Fe, Ta, Co and Eu which may give rise to long-lived activity on neutron irradiation has been determined down to 0.1 ppm in rock samples from 11 geological formation in Karnataka, India, using NAA. NAA has been used by several authors to determine elemental concentration in biological shields, different geological formation around the world, thermal springs, archaeological objects and precious stones. NAA has been successfully employed by different groups to determine the concentration of Al, K, Na, Cl, Rb, Ca, Cu, Co, I, Mg, Se, Fe, Zn, Hg, Ba, Cr, etc. and their relative variation in breast cancer, skin cancer, colorectal cancer, dysfunction and malignancy of thyroid gland

Production Cross Sections and Induced Activity in Ge Isotopes by 30 MeV Proton Beam

The excitation functions of 70Ge(p,n)70As,72Ge(p,n)72As, 74Ge(p,n)74As and 76Ge(p,n)76As reactions were studied from reaction threshold to 30 MeV by using EMPIRE-3.2 and TALYS-1.9 nuclear reaction model codes. This study is important because some isotopes produced are important for positron emission tomography (PET). Direct, pre-compound and compound nuclear reactions are considered as main nuclear reaction mechanisms in the codes. The calculated excitation functions have been compared with available experimental data and found to be in fair agreement. Furthermore, the contributions of various reaction mechanisms have been studied in total reaction cross-section that varies with the incident proton energy. The estimation of induced radio activity in thick Ge target due to the primary interaction is carried out for1μA, 30 MeV proton beam

Production Cross Sections and Induced Activity in Ge Isotopes by 30 MeV Proton Beam

330-334The excitation functions of 70Ge(p,n)70As,72Ge(p,n)72As, 74Ge(p,n)74As and 76Ge(p,n)76As reactions were studied from reaction threshold to 30 MeV by using EMPIRE-3.2 and TALYS-1.9 nuclear reaction model codes. This study is important because some isotopes produced are important for positron emission tomography (PET). Direct, pre-compound and compound nuclear reactions are considered as main nuclear reaction mechanisms in the codes. The calculated excitation functions have been compared with available experimental data and found to be in fair agreement. Furthermore, the contributions of various reaction mechanisms have been studied in total reaction cross-section that varies with the incident proton energy. The estimation of induced radio activity in thick Ge target due to the primary interaction is carried out for1μA, 30 MeV proton beam

Radioactivity generation in Pb target by protons — A comparative study from MeV to GeV

761-765In an Accelerator Driven Subcritical System (ADSS), choice of the target is decided by several factors like neutron yield, heat generation, ease of cooling, possibility of fire hazard, generation of chemically toxic elements and radioactive nuclides, running cost of the accelerator, etc. natPb is one of the probable targets for an ADSS. In the present work, we have estimated induced activity in a natPb target by primary proton beam in the energy range of 20 MeV up to 2.0 GeV using reaction model codes ALICE-91, TALYS-1.2, EMPIRE-2.19 and QMD. The energy range studied spans the entire energy interval used for target property study to practical application of an ADSS. At several hundreds of MeV, some of the major contributors to induced activity are projectile-like fragments, such as, 3H. The maximum activity produced is of the order of 106-107 MBq over the whole energy range. Some chemically toxic elements like Xe, Hg are also formed in significant amount

Accelerator and radiation physics

"Accelerator and radiation physics" encompasses radiation shielding design and strategies for hadron therapy accelerators, neutron facilities and laser based accelerators. A fascinating article describes detailed transport theory and its application to radiation transport. Detailed information on planning and design of a very high energy proton accelerator can be obtained from the article on radiological safety of J-PARC. Besides safety for proton accelerators, the book provides information on radiological safety issues for electron synchrotron and prevention and preparedness for radiological emergencies. Different methods for neutron dosimetry including LET based monitoring, time of flight spectrometry, track detectors are documented alongwith newly measured experimental data on radiation interaction with dyes, polymers, bones and other materials. Design of deuteron accelerator, shielding in beam line hutches in synchrotron and 14 MeV neutron generator, various radiation detection methods, their characterization, dose mapping procedures and simulation of radiation environment are also discussed

Radiation environment in low energy accelerator for astrophysical studies

478-481Transmitted dose through different thicknesses of ordinary concrete placed at different distances from the target has been evaluated using simple Moyer model. It has been observed that though the projectile energy is low, significant neutron and gamma doses are produced at beam currents as high as 500 mA for protons. Some radioisotopes with half-lives of the order of a few months are produced with activities of the order 1010-1011 Bq

Production of long-lived ²⁶Al and ²⁴Na from neutron interaction in Al target

509-512The excitation functions of (n, 2n) and (n, α) reactions for the production of long-lived radio nuclides 26Al and 24Na from 27Al have been calculated for 1-20 MeV neutrons. The excitation functions of these reactions are calculated using the codes ALICE-91, EMPIRE-2.19 and TALYS-1.0. The codes account for the major nuclear reaction mechanisms, including direct, pre-equilibrium and compound nuclear ones. The excitation functions of these isotopes have been compared graphically with the evaluated nuclear data file and available experimental data. The results are more or less agreeing up to which energy the experimental data are available whereas ALICE code largely under predicts the data in the energy range 1-20 MeV. </span