Towards the Ictalurid Catfish Transcriptome: Generation and Analysis of 31,215 Catfish ESTs.

Background EST sequencing is one of the most efficient means for gene discovery and molecular marker development, and can be additionally utilized in both comparative genome analysis and evaluation of gene duplications. While much progress has been made in catfish genomics, large-scale EST resources have been lacking. The objectives of this project were to construct primary cDNA libraries, to conduct initial EST sequencing to generate catfish EST resources, and to obtain baseline information about highly expressed genes in various catfish organs to provide a guide for the production of normalized and subtracted cDNA libraries for large-scale transcriptome analysis in catfish. Results A total of 17 cDNA libraries were constructed including 12 from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and 5 from blue catfish (I. furcatus). A total of 31,215 ESTs, with average length of 778 bp, were generated including 20,451 from the channel catfish and 10,764 from blue catfish. Cluster analysis indicated that 73% of channel catfish and 67% of blue catfish ESTs were unique within the project. Over 53% and 50% of the channel catfish and blue catfish ESTs, respectively, had significant similarities to known genes. All ESTs have been deposited in GenBank. Evaluation of the catfish EST resources demonstrated their potential for molecular marker development, comparative genome analysis, and evaluation of ancient and recent gene duplications. Subtraction of abundantly expressed genes in a variety of catfish tissues, identified here, will allow the production of low-redundancy libraries for in-depth sequencing. Conclusion The sequencing of 31,215 ESTs from channel catfish and blue catfish has significantly increased the EST resources in catfish. The EST resources should provide the potential for microarray development, polymorphic marker identification, mapping, and comparative genome analysis

Assembly of 500,000 inter-specific catfish expressed sequence tags and large scale gene-associated marker development for whole genome association studies

Twelve cDNA libraries from two species of catfish have been sequenced, resulting in the generation of nearly 500,000 ESTs

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CIFABROOD A Broodstock Diet for Quality Seed Production of Indian Major Carp

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Nutritional status of tribal preschool children based on clinical assessment in Paschimanchal, West Bengal, India

Clinical examination is one of the methods used to determine the nutritional status of a person or diagnosis of various diseases. This method is an important feature of every nutritional survey. It is most practical and simplest method of measuring the nutritional situation or diagnosis of diseases a group of individual. With this method, it is possible to easily understand the nutritional status or physical condition of individuals by deep concentration and observation. It utilizes a lot of specific and non specific physical signs and symptoms that are known to be associated with malnutrition and nutrient deficiency or communicable and non communicable diseases. To conduct this study, data from 258 children aged 1-5 years were collected by a community based cross sectional survey study by pretested questionnaire. Data is collected through door to door survey in multi stage cluster sampling method. Their information is collected is collected subject to the permission of the parent and the age information is determined by the birth certificate or the issued card by primary health center. Clinical signs for difference nutritional deficiencies disease and various communicable or non communicable diseases were observed.&nbsp

Identification of molecular markers in Labeo rohita towards better carbohydrate utilization

The contribution of aquaculture products in providing nutritional and food security to human is increasing expeditiously with the increase in animal protein demand. Feed cost contributes more than 60% of the cost of aquaculture production. Henceforth, formulation of cheap fish feed is one of the greatest challenges in aquaculture industry. Carbohydrates are the cheap source of dietary energy. So their level of utilization in fish is an exciting area in research for decreasing the fish feed cost.  Molecular markers such as microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are used for genetic mapping, quantitative trait loci identification and genome-wide association studies in several aquaculture species. In this experiment, SNPs and microsatellite markers linked to carbohydrate utilization in Labeo rohita were identified. Liver tissue samples of Labeo rohita and Labeo bata were collected from individuals fed with a customized diet with 40% carbohydrate for a period of 21 days. RNA was extracted and cDNA library was prepared and sequenced on Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. 7.5 GB of data was generated from each species. Assembly of rohu data resulted in 70, 225 contigs, out of which 6284 microsatellite markers were identified. Among which, 3838, 1817, 488, 132 and 9 were di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-repeats, respectively. Primer modelling was successful for 4190 sequences. Similarly, 2, 14, 071 SNPs were identified using CLC bio v7.0.4 and utilizing Illumina reads obtained from Labeo bata. This study can be helpful in efficient use of carbohydrate in Labeo species for decreasing feed cost globally

Effect of dietary supplementation of fatty acids and vitamins on the breeding performance of the carp Catla catla

Five isonitrogenous diets (~33% crude protein) were fed to the brood female carp, Catla catla (weighing 3.0 to 5.5 kg), for a period of 93 days in order to observe their breeding performance in earthen ponds. Diet-I (control) contained only basic ingredients like rice bran, groundnut oil cake, roasted soybean meal, fish meal and mineral mixture; diet-II contained added vitamins; diet-III contained added vitamins and vegetable oil (rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA); diet-IV contained added vitamins and fish oil (rich in n-3 PUFA); and diet-V contained added vitamins and a mixture of vegetable and fish oils. The results showed that nutritional quality of the diet considerably influenced breeding performance in the species. The total number of matured females was the highest in the diet-V group and maturity was advanced by 35 days in this group compared to the control. In diet-III and diet-V groups, all the maturated females bred fully and the relative fecundity was increased significantly in diet III, IV and V. The maximum (73.4% ) fertilisation rate was observed in the diet-V group, followed by 61.3% , 56.8% , 49% and 22.7% in diet-I, diet-IV, diet-III and diet-II groups respectively. Most of the eggs in the diet-II treatment group remained immature. The various data thus obtained suggest that dietary supplementation of both n-3 and n-6 PUFA, is essential to improve gonadal maturation, breeding performance and spawn recovery in the catla female broodstock

Understanding osteomyelitis and its treatment through local drug delivery system

Chronic osteomyelitis is a major challenge in bone surgery. Conventional use of antibiotics is not an effective way to control the malaise due to so many reasons. Determination of optimal treatment strategy becomes difficult for the orthopaedic surgeons and as a consequence, the patients suffer not only from therapeutic failure but also due to adverse side effects of antibiotics and financial loss due to additional stay at hospitals. A wide application of carrier systems, as a medium for local delivery of antibiotics, is being used experimentally and clinically for the treatment of osteomyelitis. This kind of delivery system provides sustained higher concentration of antibiotics at the infection site with reduced possibility of toxicity. This review highlight etiology and pathophysiology of osteomyelitis, current therapeutic options with their limitations, and potentiality of biomaterial based carrier materials impregnated with antibiotics as local delivery approach. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved