sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_17470218231198500 – Supplemental material for Automatic phonological access among bilinguals with cross-script languages

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-qjp-10.1177_17470218231198500 for Automatic phonological access among bilinguals with cross-script languages by Nan Zhang, Jinglei Ren, Min Wang and Nan Jiang in Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology</p

New Insight into the Formation Mechanism of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids from <i>N</i>‑Alkyl Imidazoles and Halogenated Hydrocarbons: A Polar Microenvironment Induced and Autopromoted Process

To illustrate the formation mechanism of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) from <i>N</i>-alkyl imidazoles and halogenated hydrocarbons, density functional theory calculations have been carried out on a representative system, the reaction of <i>N</i>-methyl imidazole with chloroethane to form 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([Emim]­Cl) IL. The reaction is shown to proceed via an S_N2 transition state with a free energy barrier of 34.4 kcal/mol in the gas phase and 27.6 kcal/mol in toluene solvent. The reaction can be remarkably promoted by the presence of ionic products and water molecules. The calculated barriers in toluene are 22.0, 21.7, and 19.9 kcal/mol in the presence of 1–3 ionic pairs of [Emim]­Cl and 23.5, 21.3, and 19.4 kcal/mol in the presence of 1–3 water molecules, respectively. These ionic pairs and water molecules do not participate directly in the reaction but provide a polar environment that favors stabilizing the transition state with large charge separation. Hence, we propose that the synthesis of imidazolium-based ILs from <i>N</i>-alkyl imidazoles and halogenated hydrocarbons is an autopromoted process and a polar microenvironment induced reaction, and the existence of water molecules (a highly polar solvent) in the reaction may be mainly responsible for the initiation of reaction

A General Strategy for Decoupled Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting by Integrating Oxidative Biomass Valorization

Conventional water electrolyzers produce H₂ and O₂ simultaneously, such that additional gas separation steps are needed to prevent H₂/O₂ mixing. The sluggish anodic O₂ evolution reaction (OER) always results in low overall energy conversion efficiency and the product of OER, O₂, is not of significant value. In addition, the potential formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to degradation of cell membranes and thus premature device failure. Herein we report a general concept of integrating oxidative biomass upgrading reactions with decoupled H₂ generation from water splitting. Five representative biomass substrates, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), were selected for oxidative upgrading catalyzed by a hierarchically porous Ni₃S₂/Ni foam bifunctional electrocatalyst (Ni₃S₂/NF). All the five organics can be oxidized to value-added liquid products at much lower overpotentials than that of OER. In particular, the electrocatalytic oxidation of HMF to the value-added 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was further studied in detail. Benefiting from the more favorable thermodynamics of HMF oxidation than that of OER, the cell voltage for integrated H₂ production and HMF oxidation was significantly reduced by ∼200 mV relative to pure water splitting to achieve 100 mA cm^–2, while the oxidation product (FDCA) at the anode was much more valuable than O₂. When utilized as electrocatalysts for both cathode and anode, Ni₃S₂/NF demonstrated outstanding durability and nearly unity Faradaic efficiencies for both H₂ and FDCA production. Overall, such an integration of oxidative biomass valorization and HER via earth-abundant electrocatalysts not only avoids the generation of explosive H₂/O₂ mixture and ROS, but also yields products of high value at both electrodes with lower voltage input, maximizing the energy conversion efficiency

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Early and Late Ripening Sweet Cherries and Their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities

Early and late ripening sweet cherries were characterized for phenolic acids, and also their antioxidant capacity and potential antifungal effects were investigated. Free, conjugated, and bound phenolics were identified and quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that the early ripening cultivars contained higher free phenolic acids, which was positively related to remarkable antioxidant properties and the inhibition effects on <i>Alternaria alternata</i> and tenuazonic acid (TeA) accumulation. However, conjugated phenolics of the late ripening cultivars, mainly including caffeic, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic, <i>p</i>-coumaric, and pyrocatechuic acids, achieved the highest antifungal effects and almost completely inhibited the <i>A. alternata</i> and TeA production. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl testing and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay showed strong positive correlation with total phenolics and specific phenolics such as free epicatechin and conjugated 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acids and also with antifungal activity. Results from this study provide further insights into the health-promoting phenolic compounds in sweet cherries

Additional file 1 of A clinical radiomics nomogram preoperatively to predict ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion in women with biopsy-confirmed ductal carcinoma in situ: a preliminary study

Additional file 1: Appendix Table 1. The primary features extracted in each model in predicting DCISMI

Relationship of Smokefree Laws and Alcohol Use with Light and Intermittent Smoking and Quit Attempts among US Adults and Alcohol Users

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Light and intermittent smoking (LITS) has become increasingly common. Alcohol drinkers are more likely to smoke. We examined the association of smokefree law and bar law coverage and alcohol use with current smoking, LITS, and smoking quit attempts among US adults and alcohol drinkers.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Cross-sectional analyses among a population-based sample of US adults (n = 27,731) using restricted data from 2009 National Health Interview Survey and 2009 American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation United States Tobacco Control Database. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the relationship of smokefree law coverage and drinking frequency (1) with current smoking among all adults; (2) with 4 LITS patterns among current smokers; and (3) with smoking quit attempts among 6 smoking subgroups. Same multivariate analyses were conducted but substituted smokefree bar law coverage for smokefree law coverage to investigate the association between smokefree bar laws and the outcomes. Finally we ran the above analyses among alcohol drinkers (n = 16,961) to examine the relationship of smokefree law (and bar law) coverage and binge drinking with the outcomes. All models controlled for demographics and average cigarette price per pack. The interactions of smokefree law (and bar law) coverage and drinking status was examined.</p><p>Results</p><p>Stronger smokefree law (and bar law) coverage was associated with lower odds of current smoking among all adults and among drinkers, and had the same effect across all drinking and binge drinking subgroups. Increased drinking frequency and binge drinking were related to higher odds of current smoking. Smokefree law (and bar law) coverage and drinking status were not associated with any LITS measures or smoking quit attempts.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Stronger smokefree laws and bar laws are associated with lower smoking rates across all drinking subgroups, which provides further support for these policies. More strict tobacco control measures might help reduce cigarette consumption and increase quit attempts.</p></div

Estimating Carbon Flux Phenology with Satellite-Derived Land Surface Phenology and Climate Drivers for Different Biomes: A Synthesis of AmeriFlux Observations

<div><p>Carbon Flux Phenology (CFP) can affect the interannual variation in Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In this study, we proposed a methodology to estimate CFP metrics with satellite-derived Land Surface Phenology (LSP) metrics and climate drivers for 4 biomes (i.e., deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needleleaf forest, grasslands and croplands), using 159 site-years of NEE and climate data from 32 AmeriFlux sites and MODIS vegetation index time-series data. LSP metrics combined with optimal climate drivers can explain the variability in Start of Carbon Uptake (SCU) by more than 70% and End of Carbon Uptake (ECU) by more than 60%. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the estimations was within 8.5 days for both SCU and ECU. The estimation performance for this methodology was primarily dependent on the optimal combination of the LSP retrieval methods, the explanatory climate drivers, the biome types, and the specific CFP metric. This methodology has a potential for allowing extrapolation of CFP metrics for biomes with a distinct and detectable seasonal cycle over large areas, based on synoptic multi-temporal optical satellite data and climate data.</p></div

Relationship of smokefree law coverage and alcohol use with smoking quit attempts.

<p>^aCurrent smokers smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and smoked “every day” or “some days” now.</p><p>^bDaily smokers smoked “every day” now, or if they smoked “some days,” they smoked on >25 days in the past 30 days.</p><p>^cNondaily smokers smoked “some days” now and smoked on ≤25 days in the past 30 days.</p><p>^dVery light daily smokers are daily smokers who smoked ≤5 cigarettes per day.</p><p>^eVery light nondaily smokers are nondaily smokers who smoked ≤3 cigarettes per day.</p><p>^fInfrequent smokers are nondaily smokers who smoked on ≤8 days in the past 30 days.</p><p>^gLifetime abstainers had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime; Former drinkers had at least 12 drinks in lifetime, but none in past year; Current light drinkers drank 1–3 drinks per week in past year; Current moderate drinkers drank 4–14 drinks per week for male and 4–7 drinks per week for female; Current heavy drinkers drank >14 drinks per week for male and >7 drinks per week for female.</p><p>^hPoverty status is a ratio of family income to the appropriate poverty threshold (given family size and number of children) defined by the US Census Bureau. “Poor” adults reported a family income below the poverty threshold. “Near poor” adults had a family income of 100–199% of the poverty threshold. “Not poor” adults reported a family income of 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.</p><p>*<i>P</i> < .05;</p><p>**<i>P</i> < .01.</p><p><i>Note</i>. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.</p

The oil content and fatty acid composition of <i>Camellia oleifera</i> seeds at different developmental stages.

<p>Tea oil seeds were collected at the days after the end of flowering (DAF) corresponding to August 25, September 4, September 11, September 19, September 26, October 3, October 10 and October 24. Tea oil was extracted from the seeds and converted to methyl esters by KOH-methanol solution. Fatty acids were separated and quantified by GC. (A) Tea oil and fatty acid content. Tea oil yield  =  (oil quantity/seed quantity)×100%. Fatty acid content  =  (tea oil yield/percentage of fatty acid)×100%. (B) Tea oil content and fatty acid composition. Fatty acid composition  =  (individual fatty acid peak under the curve/total fatty acid peaks under the curve)×100%.</p

Prevalence of current smoking, light and intermittent smoking status, and quit attempts.

<p>^aCurrent smokers smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and smoked “every day” or “some days” now.</p><p>^bDaily smokers smoked “every day” now, or if they smoked “some days,” they smoked on >25 days in the past 30 days.</p><p>^cNondaily smokers smoked “some days” now and smoked on ≤25 days in the past 30 days.</p><p>^dVery light daily smokers are daily smokers who smoked ≤5 cigarettes per day.</p><p>^eVery light nondaily smokers are nondaily smokers who smoked ≤3 cigarettes per day.</p><p>^fInfrequent smokers are nondaily smokers who smoked on ≤8 days in the past 30 days.</p><p>^gSmoking respondent reported that he/she had stopped smoking for more than one day because he/she was trying to quit smoking in the past 12 months.</p><p>^hPoverty status is a ratio of family income to the appropriate poverty threshold (given family size and number of children) defined by the US Census Bureau. “Poor” adults reported a family income below the poverty threshold. “Near poor” adults had a family income of 100–199% of the poverty threshold. “Not poor” adults reported a family income of 200% of the poverty threshold or greater.</p><p>ⁱLifetime abstainers had fewer than 12 drinks in lifetime; Former drinkers had at least 12 drinks in lifetime, but none in past year; Current light drinkers drank 1–3 drinks per week in past year; Current moderate drinkers drank 4–14 drinks per week for male and 4–7 drinks per week for female; Current heavy drinkers drank >14 drinks per week for male and >7 drinks per week for female.</p><p>^jBinge drinkers drank ≥5 drinks on at least one day in the past 12 months.</p><p><i>Note</i>. CI = confidence interval.</p