Alguns elementos históricos sobre a actualidade das relações franco-africanas analisadas na obra Contencioso histórico franco-africano de Daniel Yagnye Tom

O final do século XIX e início do XX foi marcado por uma viragem radical nas relações entre a África e a Europa. Após a famosa e polémica — quanto à sua avaliação — conferência de Berlim (Novembro de 1884-Fevereiro de 1885), os seus resultados vão ensombrar o continente através de um dos episódios mais negros da sua história, a colonização. De facto, depois do prelúdio do tráfico de escravos, o continente conhecerá uma vez mais a interrupção de sua dinâmica endógena, com a perturbação profund..

Propagation du Lyssavirus chez les petits mammifères (Muridae et Soricidae) dans la Préfecture de Kindia, République de Guinée (Basse Guinée)

L’étude porte sur la propagation du Lyssavirus chez les petits mammifères dans la Préfecture de Kindia (Basse Guinée) a été réalisée entre avril 2015 et mars 2016 dans les différents biotopes (Maisons habitées, Forêts-Buissons, Champs agricoles, Entrepôts et Berges) et qui a pour objectif: Contribuée à l’amélioration de l’état de santé de la population. Pendant cette période d’étude, 412 rongeurs repartis en 12 espèces ont été capturées à savoir le rat d’herbe-Arvicanthis rufinus, les rats-Cricetomys gambianus, les rats-Crocidurinae spp., les souris rayées-Lemniscomys striatus, Lophuromys ansorgei, Lophuromys sikapusi, le rat à mamelles multiples-Mastomys spp., souris de maison-Mus musculus, Pelomys fallax, le rat de forêt-Praomys rostratus, le rat noir-Rattus rattus et le Malacomys edyardsi spp. Les plus répandus sont les Mastomys, Rattus rattus, Mus musculus et Cricetomys gambianus. En saison sèche, le nombre de rongeurs capturés dans la préfecture de Kindia a atteint 292 (71%) contre 120 (29%) rongeurs en saison pluvieuse. Pour des fins de recherches virologiques, le cerveau de 221 rongeurs a été prélevé et analysé parmi eux, 18 (8%) ont été trouvé porteurs de l’ARN de Lyssavirus. English title: Spread of Lyssavirus among small mammals (Muridae and Soricidae) in Kindia prefecture, Republic of Guinea (Lower Guinea) The study focuses on the spread of Lyssavirus among small mammals in the Prefecture of Kindia (Lower Guinea) was carried out between April 2015 and March 2016 in the different biotopes (inhabited houses, Forests-Bushes, Agricultural fields, Warehouses and Banks) and which has for objective: Contributed to the improvement of the state of health of the population. During this period, 412 rodents were caught in 12 species including the grass rat-Arvicanthis rufinus, the Cricetomys gambianus-rats, the Crocidurinae spp rats, striped mice Lemniscomys striatus, Lophuromys ansorgei, Lophuromys sikapusi, the multiple-teat rat-Mastomys spp., house mouse-Mus musculus, Pelomys fallax, forest rat-Praomys rostratus, black rat-Rattus rattus, and Malacomys edwardsi spp. The most common are: Mastomys spp., Rattus rattus, Mus musculus and Cricetomys gambianus. In the dry season, the number of rodents caught in the prefecture of Kindia reached 292 (71%) against 120 (29%) rodents caught during the rainy season. For virological research purposes, the brain of 221 rodents was collected and analyzed among them 18 rodents (8%) were found to carry Lyssavirus RNA

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of obstetrical ultrasound in Conakry, Guinea

Background: The authors report an initial assessment of the practice of obstetrical ultrasound in Conakry in order to make suggestions to improve the quality of services in Guinea.Methods: It is about a cross-sectional study of three months (August 1st to October 31st, 2013) conducted in Conakry. The study population consisted of health personnel performing fetal ultrasounds in Conakry and who agreed to participate in the survey. The data collected were about the socio-professional characteristics of the service providers, their knowledge and attitudes. The data were analyzed in a simple descriptive statistical analysis way. The results were analyzed according to the norms and standards issued by the French Fetal Ultrasound College and the National Technical Committee for Prenatal Diagnosis Ultrasound.Results: Twenty one service providers over twenty-six (80.8%) were male (80.8%) aged 40-49 years old (46.2%), obstetrician-gynecologists (76.9%), working in a public hospital (46.2%) and not having an ultrasound degree (59.2%). Eight service providers over twenty-six ((30.8%) affirmed knowing the recommended period for a fetal biometry. The majority (60%) indicated measuring the nuchal translucency and 85.2% (22/26) the craniocaudal length. The anatomical landmarks were not correctly identified in 75.2% of cases for the biparietal and the head circumference and in 63.8% of cases for abdominal circumference. Nine service providers over twenty-six (34.6%) affirmed explaining the limitations of ultrasound. Eighteen devices over twenty-six (69.2%) had more than 9 years of age, 73% (19/26) of them did not have a vaginal probe and 65.3% (17/26) did not have a pulsed wave Doppler.Conclusions: Improving the quality of the practice of obstetrical ultrasound in Guinea goes through training of service providers, establishing distribution and compliance with norms and standards as well as quality control of ultrasound devices

Outcome of surgical management of genital prolapse in the obstetric gynecology department of the Ignace Deen Hospital in Conakry, Guinea

Background: Each year several patients are operated on for genital prolapse in our department, but no study has yet been done to analyse the results. The objective of this study was to highlight the operating techniques used and to analyse the anatomical and functional outcomes.Methods: It was an observational, longitudinal, prospective and descriptive study which took place over a period of 2 years in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the Ignace Deen hospital de Conakry in Guinea. This study focused on patients operated on in the department for genital prolapse.Results: During the study period, 67 patients underwent genital prolapse surgery in the department. The operating techniques used are the triple perineal operation or, associated with colposuspension and/or Richter or Mc Call, Richardson's operation, Rouhier's operation and promonto-fixation. This study recorded in the follow up a case of recurrence of hysterocele one year after a Richardson operation, a correction of all digestive and sexual functional disorders and a correction of 81.25% of functional urinary disorders. The intraoperative complications were a rectal wound, two bladder wounds and three cases of hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion. The post-operative results were good in 98.5% of the cases.Conclusions: The lower approach is the main route used for surgical treatment of prolapse. The anatomical and functional results obtained are encouraging

Acceptability of contraceptive implants at the maternity ward of the Matam Communal Medical Center

Background: World Health Organization (WHO), defines contraception as "the use of agents, devices, methods or procedures to decrease the likelihood of conception or avoid it". In Africa, only 24% of women of childbearing age have access to a modern contraceptive method. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of use of the contraceptive implant, to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the users, to identify the reasons for the choice of the method and to assess the degree of satisfaction of the clients.Methods: The study was conducted at the Matam Communal Medical Center on level 2 of the health pyramid in Guinea. This was a 12-month cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study (June 2017 to May 2018), including all women admitted for desire for contraception and who agreed to choose the implant as a contraceptive method.Results: The study involved 512 clients. The proportion of female users was 26.21%. The average age was 27.8 years, the main users were women of liberal trade, married, multiparous. The main reasons for choice cited by clients were the effectiveness and long duration of action of the method, i.e. 35.2% and 30.9% respectively. The majority of providers of the method were represented by midwives (73.3%) and the degree of client satisfaction with the method was 97%.Conclusions: The implant is a long-acting method of contraction. It is frequently used at the Communal Medical Center of Matam. Its efficient use would involve effective counselling

Effect of premature rupture of membranes on the maternal and fetal prognosis during childbirth at the gynecology-obstetrics department of the Matam Communal Medical Center, Conakry, Guinea

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (RPM) is defined by rupture of the amnion and chorion before entering labor within 24 hours leading to vaginal discharge of amniotic fluid without uterine contractions. Objective of this study was to improving the management of premature Ruptures of the membranes received in the service.Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical prospective study lasting six months from January 1 to June 30 2016.Results: During the study period, we collected 108 cases of RPM out of 1543 deliveries, representing a hospital frequency of 7%. RPM had more frequently concerned pregnant women aged 25-29 (37.04%), housewife (37.03%), primiparous (45.37%) and referral (52.78%). 95.37% were single pregnancies with cephalic presentation (80%) received between 37-42 weeks (84.26%). Management mainly consisted of antibiotic prophylaxis (100%), fetal pulmonary maturation and childbirth. The vagina was the main mode of delivery (62.04%). The maternal prognosis was dominated by chorioamnionitis (12.96%). The fetal one was made up of respiratory distress (40.71%) and prematurity (12.39%).Conclusions: RPM is frequent at the Matam municipal medical center. It is essential for its prevention to ensure health education of the population in general and genital hygiene in particular, to make a coherent prenatal follow-up while putting a particular accent on the detection and the treatment of genital infections

Surgical intervention on uterine fibromyoma in a country with limited resources: case of the gynaecology-obstetrics department of the Communal Medical Centre of Ratoma Conakry - Guinea

Background: In developing countries, treatment of uterine fibromyoma is confronted with numerous problems, namely: financial inaccessibility to the proposed treatments, fear of surgery and the weakness of the technical platform. The objectives of the study were to calculate the frequency of uterine fibromyomas, describe the socio-demographic characteristics of patients, identify the main clinical data and to describe the modalities of surgical management.Methods: It was a mixed descriptive study, cumulative over a period of 5 years (60 months) with data collection in two phases: a 4-year retrospective study from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018 and a 1-year prospective study from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.Results: Authors collected 135 cases of uterine fibromyomas operated on out of a total of 260 cases of gynaecological pathologies, i.e. a frequency of 51.92%. Nulliparous women were the most concerned (45.18%), and women who attended school (60%) and those who did not attend school (40%). Women at home and housewives accounted for 42.20% and 54.07% respectively. Clinically, the circumstances of discovery were dominated by menometrorrhagia and menorrhagia respectively 77.77% and 68.14%. The large uterus was the most frequent physical sign found in 96.29% of cases. Uterine fibromyomas were recorded in 86.6% of cases in women with genital activity. The operative indications were dominated by the large polymyomatous uterus (64.44%), followed by hemorrhagic fibroma (18.52%) The surgical treatment was conservative in 92.60%. The total hysterectomy was performed in 7.40. Lethality was 1.4%.Conclusions: The surgical management of fibroids contrasts conservative treatment (myomectomy) with radical treatment (hysterectomy) with multiple possible approaches (hysteroscopy, vaginal surgery, laparoscopy or laparotomy). In this context, only laparotomy was possible due to lack of equipment. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy equipment are necessary for less invasive surgery

Management of pre-eclampsia and its complications in the department of gynecology and obstetrics at Donka national hospital Conakry, Guinea

Background: Vascular-renal syndrome, also known as pre-eclampsia, is a condition specific to pregnancy, usually occurring in the last trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women are sometimes at risk of unpredictable obstetrical complications such as: hemorrhage, kidney failure, HELLP syndrome, sometimes even brain damage requiring prompt care and multidisciplinary collaboration. Vascular-renal syndromes are the third leading cause of maternal death and also the world's leading cause of perinatal death. Objectives of this study were to analyse the management of vascular-renal syndromes. Calculate their frequency, describe the sociodemographic characteristics of patients, describe the clinical and biological signs of patients, evaluate the maternal-fetal prognosis.Methods: The study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of Donka National Hospital. It was a prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, 6-month study from March 1st to August 31st, 2015, of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia.Results: The study included 217 cases of pre-eclampsia out of a total of 3054 patients, i.e. a proportion of 7.10%. The proportion of pre-eclampsia was high in patients aged between 15 and 19 years, housewife, married, primary. The predisposing factors were primigestitis, obesity and twinkling. The clinic was dominated by headaches and visual disturbances. Severe preeclampsia in 78.49%, eclampsia in 21.65% or simple hypertension in 1.75%. Maternal and fetal complications were dominated by eclampsia 26.26%, PPH (2.63%), eclamptic coma (0.46%), acute fetal distress 27.19%, and fetal death in utero (11.40%). In order to improve maternal and fetal prognosis it is necessary to provide multidisciplinary care, which unfortunately is not always available in our context.Conclusions: Obstetric emergency is a frequent situation for which a better management would improve the maternal-fetal prognosis

Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in the general female population of 9 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa

Abstract BACKGROUND: New oral treatments with very high cure rates have the potential to revolutionize global management of hepatitis C virus (HCV), but population-based data on HCV infection are missing in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC). METHODS: Between 2004 and 2009, dried blood spots were collected from age-stratified female population samples of 9 countries: China, Mongolia, Poland, Guinea, Nepal, Pakistan, Algeria, Georgia and Iran. HCV antibodies were detected by a multiplex serology assay using bead-based technology. RESULTS: Crude HCV prevalence ranged from 17.4% in Mongolia to 0.0% in Iran. In a pooled model adjusted by age and country, in which associations with risk factors were not statistically heterogeneous across countries, the only significant determinants of HCV positivity were age (prevalence ratio for ≥45 versus \u3c35 years = 2.84, 95%CI 2.18-3.71) and parity (parous versus nulliparous = 1.73, 95%CI 1.02-2.93). Statistically significant increases in HCV positivity by age, but not parity, were seen in each of the three countries with the highest number of HCV infections: Mongolia, Pakistan, China. There were no associations with sexual partners nor HPV infection. HCV prevalence in women aged ≥45 years correlated well with recent estimates of female HCV-related liver cancer incidence, with the slight exception of Pakistan, which showed a higher HCV prevalence (5.2%) than expected. CONCLUSIONS: HCV prevalence varies enormously in women worldwide. Medical interventions/hospitalizations linked to childbirth may have represented a route of HCV transmission, but not sexual intercourse. Combining dried blood spot collection with high-throughput HCV assays can facilitate seroepidemiological studies in LMIC where data is otherwise scarc

Implementing Preventive Chemotherapy through an Integrated National Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program in Mali

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of chronic infections that affect the poorest group of the populations in the world. There are currently five major NTDs targeted through mass drug treatment in the affected communities. The drug delivery can be integrated to deliver different drug packages as these NTDs often overlap in distribution. Mali is endemic with all five major NTDs. The integrated national NTD control program was implemented through the primary health care system using the community health center workers and the community drug distributors aiming at long-term sustainability. After a pilot start in three regions in 2007 without prior examples to follow on integrated mass drug administration, treatment for the five targeted NTDs was gradually scaled up and reached all endemic districts by 2009, and annual drug coverage in the targeted population has since been maintained at a high level for each of the five NTDs. Around 10 million people received one or more drug treatments each year since 2009. The country is on the way to meet the national objectives of elimination or control of these diseases. The successes and lessons learned in Mali are valuable assets to other countries looking to start similar programs