Critical literacy as a pedagogical goal in English language teaching

In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of the area of critical literacy as it pertains to second language pedagogy (curriculum and instruction). After considering the historical origins of critical literacy (from antiquity, and including in first language education), they consider how it began to penetrate the field of applied linguistics. They note the geographical and institutional spread of critical literacy practice as documented by published accounts. They then sketch the main features of L2 critical literacy practice. To do this, they acknowledge how practitioners have reported on their practices regarding classroom content and process. The authors also draw attention to the outcomes of these practices as well as challenges that practitioners have encountered in incorporating critical literacy into their second language classrooms

Productivity, Wages, and Marriage: The Case of Major League Baseball

The effect of marriage on productivity and, consequently, wages has been long debated in economics. A primary explanation for the impact of marriage on wages has been through its impact on productivity, however, there has been no direct evidence for this. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by directly measuring the impact of marriage on productivity using a sample of professional baseball players from 1871 - 2007. Our results show that only lower ability men see an increase in productivity, though this result is sensitive to the empirical specification and weakly significant. In addition, despite the lack of any effect on productivity, high ability married players earn roughly 16 - 20 percent more than their single counterparts. We discuss possible reasons why employers may favor married men

Migration and Individual Earnings in Finland: A Regional Perspective

Attention has recently focused on the rapidly increasing pace and regional concentration of migration in Finland. Most migrants head to the growth centre regions located mainly in the southern parts of the country. This study investigates the effects of moving on individuals, and compares the post-move incomes across the Finnish regions. Significant regional differences in the types of inmigrants and their incomes are observed. The results indicate that, in general, migrants tend to benefit from moving in the form of higher post-move incomes. In particular, individuals who move to relatively rich regions have higher levels of income succeeding the move and also experience faster income growth. Those moving to poorer regions generally have lower incomes, yet moderate income growth. These findings hence imply that both the actual move and the choice of destination region affect individual incomes. Dans les années récentes, l'attention porte sur l'augmentation importante du taux de changement et de la concentration régionale de la migration en Finlande. La plupart des migrants vont aux régions dotées des pôles de croissance situées surtout dans le sud du pays. L'étude cherche à examiner les retombées sur les personnes physiques de ce déplacement et à comparer à travers les régions finlandaises les revenus que touchent les migrants avant et après leur déplacement. Il est à noter d'importantes différences régionales dans les migrants et les revenus qu'ils touchent. Les résultats laissent voir qu'en règle générale les migrants ont tendance à profiter du déplacement sous forme d'une augmentation de leur revenu. En particulier, ceux qui vont aux régions relativement riches jouissent non seulement d'une augmentation de leur salaire, mais aussi d'un taux de croissance plus élevéde leur revenu. Ceux qui vont aux régions plus pauvres touchent généralement un revenu moins élevé, et pourtant le taux de croissance de leur revenu reste modéré. Ainsi, ces résultats laissent supposer que le déplacement en soi et le choix de zone d'accueil influent sur le revenu des personnes physiques. Das rasch zunehmende Tempo und die regionale Konzentration der Wanderung in Finnland hat in letzter Zeit Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Die meisten Wanderer wenden sich Wachstumszentren in Regionen zu, die sich vorwiegend in den südlichen Landesteilen befinden. Diese Studie untersucht die Auswirkungen des Umzugs auf Individuen, und vergleicht Einkommen nach dem Umzug in allen finnischen Regionen. Es werden signifikante regionale Unterschiede im Typ der Einwanderer und ihrer Einkommen beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Wanderer im allgemeinen dazu neigen, vom Umzug in Form höherer Einkommen zu profitieren. Besonders solche, die in verhältnismäßig wohlhabende regionen ziehen, erfreuen sich nach dem Umzug höherer Gehaltsstufen und einer beschleunigten Einkommenszunahme. Diejenigen, die in ärmere Gegenden umziehen, haben im allgemeinen niedrigere Einkommen, jedoch mäßige Einkommenssteigerurig. Die Befunde legen daher nahe, daß sich sowohl der eigentliche Umzug wie auch die Wahl der der Zielregion auf individuelle Einkommen auswirkt.Migration, Regional Economy, Taxable Incomes, Income Growth,