Quelques problèmes posés par la traduction en japonais de L’Occupation des sols

L’Occupation des sols de Jean Echenoz — récit marqué par une polyphonie curieuse — est difficile à traduire dans une autre langue. Comment une traduction peut-elle être « fidèle » au texte original, en transposant la stratification des voix ? La présente étude examine, autour de cette spécificité linguistique, comment traduire notre corpus en japonais, en considérant une caractéristique japonaise de la narration. À partir de là, notre propos se focalise sur le discours rapporté afin de recréer les mêmes effets dans la version traduite. Du reste, une retraduction par Mme Estelle Figon en français nous permet de tester notre traduction tout en mettant en lumière les problèmes posés. Toutefois, l’impossibilité d’une équivalence absolue entre le texte original et sa traduction ne les empêche pas de montrer tous deux où se trouve le centre de gravité, à savoir, la perte irréparable de la mère d’un personnage.Jean Echenoz’s Plan of Occupancy—a narrative characterised by a curious polyvocality—is difficult to translate in another language. How can a translation be ‘faithful’ to the original, while rendering the stratification of voices? From this viewpoint, this study explores the problems of translating this text in Japanese—specifically by considering a Japanese characteristic of the narration and by focussing on speech representation to recreate the same effects in the translated text. In addition, a retranslation of the first and last paragraphs, by Prof. Ms. Estelle Figon, into French enables us to test our translation as well as to outline its problems. However, the impossibility of complete equivalence between the original and the translation does not necessarily prevent them from each showing where lies the centre of gravity, that is, an irreparable loss of a character’s mother

Postural change for supine position does not disturb toddlers\u27 nap

This study examined whether forced postural change from prone to supine during toddlers’ nap, a preventative measure taken in Japan for sudden unexplained death in childhood (SUDC), disturbs toddlers’ sleep. When the "Back to Sleep" campaign (BSC) was introduced to Japan in 1996, its recommendations were also applied to infants aged 1 year old and over with the expectation that the BSC recommendations may also contribute to a decrease in the occurrence rate of SUDC. Since then, Japanese nurseries have routinely conducted sleeping position checks and positional adjustments of toddlers every 5–10 min during naps. A total of 52 toddlers (age 18.4 ± 3.3 months, means ± SD) were continuously monitored for 8 h during daytime at nursery schools for wake-sleep status and body position (prone, supine and lateral) with actigraphs and 3-orthogonal-axis accelerometers. Out of the 52 toddlers, 24 toddlers adopted prone positions during naps, which were adjusted by nursery staff back to supine. When nursery staff manually changed the toddlers position from prone to supine, the toddlers either did not wake or woke only briefly (3.1 ± 4.9 min) and returned to sleep soon after the positional change. Our study indicates that manual change of toddlers’ sleeping position from prone to supine, a potential SUDC prevention method, does not disturb toddlers’ sleep during their naps

Daytime nap and nighttime breastfeeding are associated with toddlers\u27 nighttime sleep

The purpose of the present study is to examine the association between toddlers\u27 sleep arrangements and their nighttime sleep duration and other sleep variables. For this investigation, we performed a study in which child activity and sleep levels were recorded using actigraphy. The parents of 1.5-year-old toddlers (n = 106) were asked to attach an actigraphy unit to their child’s waist with an adjustable elastic belt and complete a sleep diary for 7 consecutive days. Questionnaires were used to assess the sleep arrangements of the toddlers. There was a significant negative correlation between nap duration and nighttime sleep duration, suggesting that longer nap sleep induces shorter nighttime sleep duration. Among the sleep arrangements, such as nighttime breastfeeding or co-sleeping, only nighttime breastfeeding predicted shorter nighttime sleep duration. Our findings indicate that shorter naps induce a longer nighttime sleep in 1.5-year-old toddlers while nighttime breastfeeding decreases their nighttime sleep duration

トクシマケン イシカイ トウニョウビョウ タイサクハン ダイ1ジ ダイ2ジ カツドウ ノ セイカ

Objective : The effectiveness of diabetes prevention programs for the general population in Tokushima Prefecture was investigated. The programs were designed by Tokushima Medical Association’ s（TMA’s）Steering Committee for Diabetes Prevention. Research design and methods : The committee promoted diabetes prevention by disseminating educational messages on diabetes to the general public and medical care providers, and establishing a referral system among public health centers and medical institutes throughout Tokushima Prefecture during the period from ２００４ to ２００９. The outcome of these activities were evaluated by analyzing data from the Prefectural Health and Nutrition Survey in Tokushima conducted in１９９７（n＝ ９９８）,２００３ （n＝１００８） and ２０１０ （n＝１１３０）, and then comparing these results with those of the national survey at the corresponding times. Results : The percentage of subjects with glucose intolerance at the time of initiation of the prevention program in Tokushima tended to increase from １９９７ to ２００３, but was slightly decreased in ２０１０, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, the percentage of subjects with glucose intolerance was significantly increased throughout Japan during the same period. Obesity parameters, physical activity evaluated by the number of steps and the average total energy intake changed favorably in parallel with changes in the prevalence of diabetes during the study period in Tokushima. Conclusion : The diabetes prevention programs initiated by the TMA’s committee may be useful in ameliorating the situation of diabetes in Tokushima Prefecture

Sleep maturation influences cognitive development of preterm toddlers

Our recent study on full-term toddlers demonstrated that daytime nap properties affect the distribution ratio between nap and nighttime sleep duration in total sleep time but does not affect the overall total amount of daily sleep time. However, there is still no clear scientific consensus as to whether the ratio between naps and nighttime sleep or just daily total sleep duration itself is more important for healthy child development. In the current study, to gain an answer to this question, we examined the relationship between the sleep properties and the cognitive development of toddlers born prematurely using actigraphy and the Kyoto scale of psychological development (KSPD) test. 101 premature toddlers of approximately 1.5 years of age were recruited for the study. Actigraphy units were attached to their waist with an adjustable elastic belt for 7 consecutive days and a child sleep diary was completed by their parents. In the study, we found no significant correlation between either nap or nighttime sleep duration and cognitive development of the preterm toddlers. In contrast, we found that stable daily wake time was significantly associated with better cognitive development, suggesting that sleep regulation may contribute to the brain maturation of preterm toddlers

Preterm toddlers have low nighttime sleep quality and high daytime activity.

A number of studies have been made on the sleep characteristics of children born preterm in an attempt to develop methods to address the sleep problems commonly observed among such children. However, the reported sleep characteristics from these studies vary depending on the observation methods used, i.e., actigraphy, polysomnography and questionnaire. In the current study, to obtain reliable data on the sleep characteristics of preterm-born children, we investigated the difference in sleep properties between 97 preterm and 97 term toddlers of approximately 1.5 years of age using actigraphy. Actigraphy units were attached to the toddlers’ waists with an adjustable elastic belt for 7 consecutive days, and a child sleep diary was completed by their parents. In the study, we found that preterm toddlers had more nocturnal awakenings and more daytime activity, suggesting that preterm-born children may have a different process of sleep development in their early development

The Linguistic Strategy of Fiction In the Works of Georges Bataille : between Genesis and Establishment of Text

Les écrits de Georges Bataille gravitent autour de l’expérience « intérieure » — expérience vécue là où s’effondre le discours. Cette mise en question du langage donne lieu au paradoxe puisque « dire l’indicible » demeure dans le langage. Face à un tel écueil, il fallait à l’écrivain une stratégie particulière où nous identifions deux méthodes : la dramatisation et le mot glissant. En explorant ces pistes, notre étude se propose de clarifier la stratégie langagière bataillienne (ou écriture « mineure ») pour dégager dans l’œuvre « l’expérience du langage » composée de deux mouvements opposés, à savoir l’émergence du langage et le retour à l’indicible. Pour cela, notre corpus se constitue à partir de textes encore peu connus : La Maison brûlée, Le Petit, Le Mort et La Tombe de Louis XXX. En premier lieu, la dramatisation signifie la procédure de la méditation et le genre dramatique, la fiction opérant dans les deux cas. L’avant-texte de La Maison brûlée, scénario d’un film jamais tourné, présente ainsi dans sa genèse les techniques de la monstration qui dramatisent le mouvement descendant de la chute et de la matière basse. Ensuite, le mot glissant est illustré par le terme « silence », prononcé pour annoncer sa propre mort. Ce mouvement de glissement s’observe dans Le Petit, à travers le style fragmentaire ou les signes de ponctuation. D’ailleurs, pour finir, ce glissement, dont nous interrogeons la consistance, se révèle intrinsèque au présent linguistique en jeu dans Le Mort et La Tombe de Louis XXX. Car l’écriture de Bataille met en scène l’instant présent, cristallisant le passage du discours à l’indicible.Georges Bataille’s writing gravitates towards, what he calls, the ‘inner’ experience, an experience in which discourse breaks down. Thus, the language, generally denounced, leads to a paradox as long as it remains the language used to ‘speak the unspeakable’. This aporia compels Bataille to devise original writing strategies that are embodied in two methods—dramatization and the ‘slippery word’ (le mot glissant). Considering this, our study clarifies his linguistic strategies (or ‘minor’ writing) to reach his ‘experience of language’, which consists of two opposite movements: the emergence of language and the return to the unspeakable. To this end, our corpus is based on La Maison brûlée, Le Petit, Le Mort and La Tombe de Louis XXX, texts which are still little-known. In Bataille’s work, the term ‘dramatization’ refers to a specific procedure of contemplation and to the drama; fiction participates in both. In particular, the avant-texte of La Maison brûlée, an abandoned movie script, includes techniques for the onscreen projection of images of falling that use both characters and ‘base material’ (matière basse). The second method, the slippery word, is exemplified by the term ‘silence’, which is pronounced only to announce its own death. This movement of the slippery word can be observed in Le Petit, with its fragmentary style or punctuation marks. Moreover, as analysed, the slipping motion turns out to be intrinsic to the present tense, as observed in Le Mort et La Tombe de Louis XXX. Bataille’s writings depict the present moment, crystallizing the passage from the discourse to the unspeakable