Sign language detection using convolutional neural network for teaching and learning application

Teaching lower school mathematic could be easy for everyone. For teaching in the situation that cannot speak, using sign language is the answer especially someone that have infected with vocal cord infection or critical spasmodic dysphonia or maybe disable people. However, the situation could be difficult, when the sign language is not understandable by the audience. Thus, the purpose of this research is to design a sign language detection scheme for teaching and learning activity. In this research, the image of hand gestures from teacher or presenter will be taken by using a web camera for the system to anticipate and display the image's name. This proposed scheme will detects hand movements and convert it be meaningful information. As a result, it show the model can be the most consistent in term of accuracy and loss compared to others method. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is expected to contribute the body of knowledge and the society

Experimental Investigation of Flank Wear in end Milling of Aluminum Alloy with Water-Based TiO2 Nanofluid Lubricant in Minimum Quantity Lubrication Technique

This paper investigates the minimum quantity lubrication technique in end milling of aluminum alloy AA6061 with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using nanofluid. Wear mechanisms for the water-based TiO2 nanofluid with a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1.5 % are compared with conventional oil-based minimum quantity lubrication (0.48 and 0.83 ml/min) and flooded cooling conditions using an uncoated tungsten carbide insert. Wear mechanisms are characterized. Results show adhesion of the work material as the major tool damage phenomenon. Abrasion wear is also observed along with adhesion. The major benefit from the water-based nanofluid MQL is shown in the intact edge geometry, i.e., edge integrity showing very little chipping as well as edge fracture. This is attributed to the cooling effect produced by the latent heat of vaporization of water, resulting in lowering of temperature in the cutting zone

A computational fluid dynamics analysis of single and three nozzles minimum quantity lubricant flow for milling

A 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis of minimum quantity lubricant flow for a four-tooth milling cutter operation with single and three nozzles is presented in this paper. CFD modelling is utilized to simulate the flow distribution around a four- tooth milling. The domain of a rotating cutter along with the spraying nozzle was defined. Operating cutting and boundary conditions were defined based on previous literature. A steady-state, pressure-based, planar analysis was performed with a viscous, realizable k-ε model. A 3-D transient-case, incompressible analysis for the minimum quantity lubricant is also performed. The domain of the milling cutter is rotated at a very high spindle speed, and a single nozzle is used to investigate the effects of MQL spray. A mixture of oils and air is sprayed onto the tool. Another analysis is performed with three nozzles placed at equal angles to each other around the periphery of the tool. A 2-dimensional steady-state analysis is also carried out using CFD. The obtained results verify that the single nozzle cannot fully lubricate the rotating tool. It was observed that flow penetration into the cutting zone is dependent on the flow velocity and the number of nozzles. Hence, it can be concluded that the MQL nozzle arrangement can be improved with three nozzles with a constant mass flow rate

Experimental Study on Minimum Quantity Lubrication in End Milling of AA6061-T6 Using Tialn Coated Carbide Tools

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effects of output parameters during machining of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 using the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique through end milling processes. In this study cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate and MQL flow rate are selected as input parameters. Experiments are conducted using the central composite design method. Statistical models for process optimization are obtained using the response surface method. The objective of the study is to investigate and optimize the process parameters employing coated carbide cutting tools; coatings used are TiAlN. For the purpose of the study, surface roughness and material removal rate are selected as response variables. The results of the study show that the inserts coated with TiAlN perform very well, showing good machinability. According to the results of the study, MQL can easily be a suitable eco-friendly alternative to conventional flood cooling conditions. MQL proves to be more beneficial with the application of coated tools in end milling of aluminum alloys

Performance Of Water-Based TiO2 Nanofluid During The Minimum Quantity Lubrication Machining Of Aluminium Alloy, AA6061-T6

The effects of cutting parameters on the wear mechanisms in the end milling of aluminium alloy AA6061 with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using water-based TiO2 nanofluid were investigated. Three different cutting speeds of 5200, 5400 and 5600 rpm were used. The MQL flow rates used were 0.65 ml/min and 1.0 ml/min, while the TiO2 nanoparticles used were of different volume fractions in the aqueous solutions of 0.5, 2.5 and 4.5%. The results showed that the adhesion of the work material is the major tool damage phenomenon. In addition, abrasion was observed. The major benefit from the water-based nanofluid MQL was shown in the edge integrity i.e., edge chipping and edge fracture were seen in very few cases especially with a higher depth of cut higher. This is attributed to the cooling effect produced by the latent heat of vaporization of the water resulting in the lowering of temperature in the cutting zone. The volume fraction of 2.5% TiO2 nanoparticles appeared more feasible in terms of tool damage. The effectiveness of the non-conventional nanofluid MQL was also discussed. A non-deterministic component of the sustainability index, for the milling process with the MQL, was calculated using fuzzy logic. The basic objective is to quantify the non-deterministic component of the sustainability index by using the fuzzy rule-based model for the performance analysis of machining with MQL. The results show the prospective utilization of water-based TiO2 nanofluid as the MQL medium. Thus, it is beneficial for the higher cooling rates of water integrated with the lubrication characteristics of nanoparticles

Minimum Quantity Lubrication: Quantifying Non-Deterministic Component Of Sustainability Index For Machining Operations

Sustainable manufacturing is pursued to achieve the long-term sustainable development of manufacturing systems. In practice, the sustainability of any system is difficult to assess because of uncertain factors involved in the sustainability study. Experts have defined a sustainability index in order to define any system. This sustainability index consists of two components, namely the deterministic component and non-deterministic component. The nondeterministic component consists of the contributing factors of societal, environmental, and economic effects. On account of the uncertainties involved and the non-quantifiable nature of the non-deterministic component, fuzzy logic is used to assess the non-deterministic component. In this paper the nondeterministic component of the sustainability index for a machining process with Minimal Quantity Lubrication is calculated using fuzzy logic. The basic objective of this study is to quantify the non-deterministic component of the sustainability index by using a fuzzy rule-based model for the anticipation and functional analysis of machining with minimal quantity lubrication

Parametric Optimization of End Milling Process Under Minimum Quantity Lubrication With Nanofluid as Cutting Medium Using Pareto Optimality Approach

In this paper a genetic algorithm based multi-objective optimization approach is applied in order to predict the optimal machining parameters for the end milling process of aluminium alloy 6061 T6 combined with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using waterbased TiO2 nanofluid as cutting fluid. The optimization is carried out employing a parametric model (in terms of input cutting parameters, i.e., cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, MQL flow rate and % volume concentration of nanofluid) and exploiting the capabilities of the MOGA-II algorithm applied to the constrained machining problem. The objective functions selected to optimize are: to minimize the surface roughness; to maximize the material removal rate; and to minimize the flank wear of the cutting tool. The output of the optimization includes several alternative optimal solutions, i.e., Pareto frontier, and the best compromised configuration of the cutting parameters is selected subject to weighted preferenc

Machining Performance Of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 On Surface Finish Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication

This paper presents an experimental investigation of coated carbide cutting tool performance on the surface roughness of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 machining through end mill processes using the minimum quantity lubrication technique. Process parameters including the cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate are selected. The central composite design method is used for design of experiments. Two types of coated carbide tool are used in this experiment – an uncoated tungsten carbide insert and TiAlN+TiN-coated carbide insert. The analysis of variance method is utilized to validate the experimental data and to check for adequacy. The response surface method was used to develop the mathematical models and to optimize the machining parameters. Second-order regression models are developed based on the surface roughness results. It is observed that the surface roughness depends significantly on depth of cut and feed rate, followed by spindle speed for both the coated carbide inserts. The performance of the dual-layered coating of TiAlN+TiN is competent as compared to the surface quality obtained with TIAlN-coated inserts. The results can be used as an example of MQL applied to the machining of aluminum alloys, providing economic advantages in terms of reduced lubricant costs and better machinability

Environmental Impacts and Hazards Associated With Metal Working Fluids and Recent Advances in the Sustainable Systems: A Review

A review of advances in the use of lubrication techniques during machining operations as well as the application of state-of-the-art nanofluids in machining is presented in this research article. A brief review of the available literature on the environmental impact and the health hazards associated with metal working fluids is also included. The performance and drawbacks of different techniques are discussed in terms of machining parameters and output variables. The review of different lubrication techniques finally ends up in the favor of minimum quantity lubrication and cooling technique as a potential alternate to flooded and conventional cooling conditions in different machining processes in terms of dealing with the ecological, social and human health concerns and the finances coupled with the use of metal working fluids in machining processes