Structural changes in landholding in India : a study based on NSS data

K. n??v?r es tha

Breeding, Feeding and Distribution of Milch Animal Holdings in India:An Analysis Based on the Data from the National Dairy Sample Survey

This paper is prepared against the broader background of the policy debates on the breeding, feeding and distributional consequences of dairy development in India. The data for the study is drawn from the National Dairy Sample Survey covering 186 districts spread over 14 major States in the Country. Analysis presented in the paper shows that the diffusion and adoption of crossbreeding technology is an important factor contributing to the level, pattern, and sources of milk production. There is no evidence to show that the increase in milk production and widespread adoption of crossbreeding technology resulted in the intensification of the pressure on land resources for the production of livestock feed. The production of milk is carried out largely by the weaker sections of the rural society. Since agriculture is rapidly getting mechanized, draught power requirement would not work as a constraint on the diffusion and adoption of new breeds of milch animals. Drawing on the main findings, the paper offers a number of recommendations for the consolidation and acceleration of milk production and the sustainable income generation for the rural poor

Design Of Hardware Efficient High Speed Multiplier Using Modified Ternary Logic

AbstractThis paper presents a novel design for a parallel multiplier using ternary logic based on reduced routing and chip area, an alternative to conventional binary logic. The methodology of ternary logic is used for the design of standard inverter(STI), negative inverter (NTI), positive inverter(PTI), NAND and NOR gates. The basic gates are then used for design of multiplier with partial product reduction elements in the same logic. As a further optimization, we have implemented the multiplier with a combination of binary and ternary logic to enjoy the benefits of two. The proposed and optimized designs are designed using VHDL and synthesized using SYNOPSIS software. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed modified ternary logic designs consume significantly lower power and delay compared to ternary designs

Algicidal Effects of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles using Tinospora cordifolia on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Eco-friendly anti-algal agents are in demand for preventing the growth of unwanted algae. Green synthesized nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties and have been used as a better alternative against chemical and physical processes. In the present study, treatment of silver nitrate with leaf extracts (5% w/v) of Tinospora cordifolia, a plant with proven antimicrobial effects, exhibited UV-visible absorption maxima between 440-460 nm after 1h indicating bioreduction of silver to nanoparticles. The green synthesised silver nanoparticles (5 mgl-1) exhibited inhibition zones against Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in in vitro agar assays. Treatment with green synthesised silver nanoparticles during exponential phase of algal growth resulted in significant reduction in algal population, carbohydrate, protein and chlorophyll contents confirming the anti-algal potential. This is the first report on the growth inhibitory potential of green synthesised silver nanoparticles against green algae

Interception of the Bycroft-Gowland Intermediate in the Enzymatic Macrocyclization of Thiopeptides

Thiopeptides are a broad class of macrocyclic, heavily modified peptide natural products that are unified by the presence of a substituted, nitrogen-containing heterocycle core. Early work indicated that this core might be fashioned from two dehydroalanines by an enzyme-catalyzed aza-[4 + 2] cycloaddition to give a cyclic-hemiaminal intermediate. This common intermediate could then follow a reductive path toward a dehydropiperidine, as in the thiopeptide thiostrepton, or an aromatization path to yield the pyridine groups observed in many other thiopeptides. Although several of the enzymes proposed to perform this cycloaddition have been reconstituted, only pyridine products have been isolated and any hemiaminal intermediates have yet to be observed. Here, we identify the conditions and substrates that decouple the cycloaddition from subsequent steps and allow interception and characterization of this long hypothesized intermediate. Transition state modeling indicates that the key amide-iminol tautomerization is the major hurdle in an otherwise energetically favorable cycloaddition. An anionic model suggests that deprotonation and polarization of this amide bond by TbtD removes this barrier and provides a sufficient driving force for facile (stepwise) cycloaddition. This work provides evidence for a mechanistic link between disparate cyclases in thiopeptide biosynthesis

Burden and risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia:a Multinational Point Prevalence Study of Hospitalised Patients

Pseudornonas aeruginosa is a challenging bacterium to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to the antibiotics used most frequently in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Data about the global burden and risk factors associated with P. aeruginosa-CAP are limited. We assessed the multinational burden and specific risk factors associated with P. aeruginosa-CAP. We enrolled 3193 patients in 54 countries with confirmed diagnosis of CAP who underwent microbiological testing at admission. Prevalence was calculated according to the identification of P. aeruginosa. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa-CAP. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa and antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa-CAP was 4.2% and 2.0%, respectively. The rate of P. aeruginosa CAP in patients with prior infection/colonisation due to P. aeruginosa and at least one of the three independently associated chronic lung diseases (i.e. tracheostomy, bronchiectasis and/or very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) was 67%. In contrast, the rate of P. aeruginosa-CAP was 2% in patients without prior P. aeruginosa infection/colonisation and none of the selected chronic lung diseases. The multinational prevalence of P. aeruginosa-CAP is low. The risk factors identified in this study may guide healthcare professionals in deciding empirical antibiotic coverage for CAP patients