Turmeric Oil: Composition, Extraction, Potential Health Benefits and Other Useful Applications

The turmeric essential oil of Curcuma species has extensively more useful properties due to its rich phytochemical profile. The concentration of volatile chemical constituents varies according to their type of applied plant part (i.e., root, rhizome, leaves, and flower) for extraction and type of the adopted extraction method. Novel extraction and purification methods, subcritical CO2 , supercritical CO2 , pressurized liquid extraction, and molecular distillation are found to be more efficient for good recovery of this volatile oil, along with increased concentrations of specified compounds. Not only have the curcuminoid compounds had a broad potential in the field of pharmacology but also the turmeric oil is found to have great applicability in treating several diseases and disorders. Turmeric oil possesses good antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-hyperlipidemic anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and hepato-protective properties. Apart from medicinal fields, this oil has also a great future in the cosmetics, pesticide, and food industries due to its rich chemical profile. The present review focuses on providing information about turmeric oil in terms of its physicochemical properties, chemical composition, and available traditional extraction techniques, as well as available novel extraction options, actual health benefits, and other useful applications. It is hoped that the reported information is helpful for further discovery in the area of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical applications

Methane Emission Assessment from Indian Livestock and Its Role in Climate Change Using Climate Metrics

Indian livestock farming is one of the significant anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4) in the world. Here, CH4 emission from Indian livestock and climate change impact in terms of two climate metrics, global surface temperature change potential (GTP) and absolute GTP (AGTP), to assess the surface temperature changes for 20 and 100 year time frame have been studied. CH4 emission from Indian livestock was 15.3 Tg in 2012. GTP20 and GTP100 for livestock-related CH4 emission in India in 2012 were 1030 and 62 Tg CO2e, respectively. The study also illustrates that CH4 emissions can cause a surface temperature increase of up to 0.7–0.036 mK over the 20 and 100 year time periods, respectively. Thus, the negative climate change impact is global in nature, not only restricted to India. GTP and AGTP can be used in climate change impact study and as a more policy relevant tool

In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of cotton fabrics treated with bael fruit shell extract

116-124The present study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of bael fruit shell (BFS) extract. Hot water extraction (HWE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) techniques have been used to understand the effectiveness of the extraction process and its relation to impart enhanced functional property of cotton fabric. The cotton fabric has been treated with BFS extract by using padding mangle. The effectiveness of antibacterial activity against both the Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and antioxidant property has been evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results reveal that UAE-BFS treated fabric shows 93% reduction for E coli and 82% for S aureus, which is higher as compared to HWE-BFS treated fabric (91% for E coli and 61 % for S aureus). This trend has also been observed in qualitative zone of inhibition method. Antioxidant efficacy of UAE treated fabric is 86%, whereas HWE treated fabric registers 80% activity

In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of cotton fabrics treated with bael fruit shell extract

The present study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of bael fruit shell (BFS) extract. Hot water extraction (HWE) and ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) techniques have been used to understand the effectiveness of the extraction process and its relation to impart enhanced functional property of cotton fabric. The cotton fabric has been treated with BFS extract by using padding mangle. The effectiveness of antibacterial activity against both the Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria and antioxidant property has been evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results reveal that UAE-BFS treated fabric shows 93% reduction for E coli and 82% for S aureus, which is higher as compared to HWE-BFS treated fabric (91% for E coli and 61 % for S aureus). This trend has also been observed in qualitative zone of inhibition method. Antioxidant efficacy of UAE treated fabric is 86%, whereas HWE treated fabric registers 80% activity

Eco-Friendly Preservation of Bamboo Species: Traditional to Modern Techniques

The continuous depletion of forests calls for the astute usage of existing resources. Fungi and termites cause serious damage to biomass under storage and service conditions. Various protective treatments with high amounts of toxic chemicals are used by the wood and bamboo industry. Efforts are being made the world over to develop environmentally friendly preservatives for wood and bamboo species. Recent research highlights the potential and effectiveness of traditional practices and procedures, mainly water leaching technique and smoke treatment. Under laboratory conditions, the service life of treated blocks were found to be at a par with commercial chemical preservative treated blocks. Various plant extracts and oil-based formulations, such as organic acids, essential oils, and eco-friendly chemical-based preservatives, are in the stage of development. The bio-efficacy of such preservatives is measured in terms of the improvement in resistance to fungi and termites. However, much work still needs to be done to completely determine the efficacy of many of these newly developed preservatives and techniques. The present paper discusses an overview of the developments in the field of environment-friendly biomass preservatives

Evaluation of anti-mosquito properties of essential oils

129-133Essential oils from Cedrus deodara, Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon flexuous, C. winterianus, Pinus roxburghii, Syzygium aromaticum and Tagetes minuta were evaluated for bioactivity against the adults of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Serial dilutions of the oils were made in deodorized kerosene to obtain a range of concentrations (0.5-10%) and the adults were exposed to the vapour of the different oils for 1h in WHO kits for sensitivity testing. C. winterianus and S. aromaticum oils were equi effective and found most effective with LC50 and LC95 values respectively at 0.5 and 0.9 % for C. quinquefasciatus and 1.0 and 2.0 % for A. aegypti. Activity was found in the order: S. aromaticum > C. flexuous > E. citriodora > C. winterianus > C. deodara > T. minuta

Extraction and rapid quantification of pure bixin from Bixa orellena L.

Bixin (9Z-6, 6’-diapocarotene-6, 6’-dioate), one of the carotenoid-based colour extracted from the seeds of the tropical tree Bixa orellana L., used primarily as a natural colouring agent in the food industry. In the present study, different solvents were used in both hot and cold conditions to extract bixin from B. orellana seeds, collected from two different geographical locations (Chhattisgarh and Uttaranchal) of India. The crude annatto extract was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The major component, bixin was identified by TLC and further isolated from the crude extract by Preparative TLC (PTLC) method with a purity of 80%. Analysis of purified bixin contents isolated from samples was quantified by both High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometer. The results obtained from both the analytical techniques were comparable and lead to the conclusion that the highest amount of bixin was obtained from Chhattisgarh variety of annatto seed (21.13%), extracted by hot extraction method using acetone as a solvent. As compared to HPLC, the spectrophotometric analysis is an easy, rapid and cost-effective alternate route for the quantitative determination of isolated and purified bixin

Extraction and rapid quantification of pure bixin from Bixa orellena L.

290-295Bixin (9Z-6, 6’-diapocarotene-6, 6’-dioate), one of the carotenoid-based colour extracted from the seeds of the tropical tree Bixa orellana L., used primarily as a natural colouring agent in the food industry. In the present study, different solvents were used in both hot and cold conditions to extract bixin from B. orellana seeds, collected from two different geographical locations (Chhattisgarh and Uttaranchal) of India. The crude annatto extract was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The major component, bixin was identified by TLC and further isolated from the crude extract by Preparative TLC (PTLC) method with a purity of 80%. Analysis of purified bixin contents isolated from samples was quantified by both High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometer. The results obtained from both the analytical techniques were comparable and lead to the conclusion that the highest amount of bixin was obtained from Chhattisgarh variety of annatto seed (21.13%), extracted by hot extraction method using acetone as a solvent. As compared to HPLC, the spectrophotometric analysis is an easy, rapid and cost-effective alternate route for the quantitative determination of isolated and purified bixin

Impact Assessment of Varied Agroclimatic Conditions on Phosphate Solubilization Potential of Fungi in Fermentation and Soil-Plant System

1267-1275In this work, two phosphate solubilizing fungi viz., Aspergillus tubingensis S33 and A. niger S36 were studied under different physiochemical and nutritional parameters in the lab, and in vitro under soil-plant experiments at two very distinct agro-climatic conditions viz., Banasthali, Tonk (Rajasthan), and Dwarahat, Almora (Uttarakhand), India. Phosphate-solubilizing capability was checked with different carbon and nitrogen sources. Maltose, glucose, and fructose were optimal carbon source in A. tubingensis S33 while fructose in the case of A. awamori S33. Amongst nitrogen sources, S33 showed maximum phosphate solubilization with ammonium sulfate while, S36 with ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate. Ammonium was more stimulating than nitrate as the chief nitrogen source. In vivo experiments revealed that solubilization was noticeable at all the temperatures, but optimal temperature was 25–35℃. The optimal initial pH for Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) solubilization was 8.0. The ideal concentration of TCP for solubilization was 7.5 g∙l−1. The application of both strains in two different geographical sites exhibited a significant (p<0.05) rise in wheat growth, grain yield, and available Phosphorus (P). Fungal inoculation with TCP amendment exhibited a more notable effect on growth, yield, and soil fertility than control. This study support that these isolates will be able to work efficiently in varied climatic conditions and will show consistent efficiency on field application

Valorization of Wild-Type Cannabis&nbsp;indica by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Insights into the Utilization of Raffinate Biomass

Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) extraction of cannabis oil from Indian cannabis (Cannabis indica) leaves was optimized through a central composite design using CO2 pressure (150&ndash;250 bar), temperature (30&ndash;50 &deg;C) and time (1&ndash;2 h). From the regression model, the optimal CO2 pressure, extraction temperature and time were 250 bar, 43 &deg;C and 1.7 h, respectively resulting in the experimental yield of 4.9 wt% of cannabis oil via SCCO2 extraction. The extract contained cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, &Delta;9-tetrahydrocannabinol and &Delta;8-tetrahydrocannabinol as well as two terpenoids such as cis-caryophyllene and &alpha;-humulene. Besides SCCO2 extraction of cannabis oil, the raffinate biomass was utilized to extract polyphenols using water as the extraction medium. Cannabis oil and water extractive were investigated for their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, which were found to be 1.3 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. This is comparable to the commercially available antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene with an IC50 value of 0.5 mg/mL. This work on SCCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and other valuable bioactive compounds provides an environmentally sustainable technique to valorize cannabis leaves