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Demographic characteristics and comorbidities in cohorts with and without POAG.

<p>CCI  =  Charlson comorbidities index.</p><p>P-value: testing hypothesis of no difference between patients with and without POAG.</p><p>Demographic characteristics and comorbidities in cohorts with and without POAG.</p

The incidence rate per 1000 person-years of AD and PD among patients with and without POAG.

<p>POAG  =  Open angle glaucoma, AD  =  Alzheimer disease; CI  =  confidence interval; PD  =  Parkinson disease, HR  =  hazard ratio; PD  =  Parkinson disease.</p><p>Adjusted HR for age, sex, comorbidites (hypertension, diabetes, heart faiulre, stroke), insurance eligibility group, monthly income, diagnostic year, urbanization level and Charlson comorbidities index; score.</p><p>*<i>P</i><.05.</p><p>The incidence rate per 1000 person-years of AD and PD among patients with and without POAG.</p

Risk analysis of use of different classes of antidepressants on subsequent dementia: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan

<div><p>Depression and dementia are common mental health problems and are associated in several ways. Early-life depression is associated with increased risk of later life dementia, and depression can present as a preclinical symptom or consequence of dementia. Despite the plausible relationship between these two clinical entities, the potential association between antidepressant medication and dementia has rarely been investigated. We conducted a 9-year retrospective analysis of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), enrolling 5819 cases who had received prescriptions of antidepressants between 2003 and 2006, and 23,276 (with ratio of 1:4) age, sex, and index date-matched controls. The hazard ratio (HR) of dementia among antidepressant users with depression was 2.42 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–5.10), for those without depression was 4.05 (95% CI: 3.19–5.15), compared to antidepressant non-users respectively. Among the 6 classes of common antidepressants used in Taiwan, the adjusted HRs were 3.66 (95% CI: 2.62–5.09) for SSRIs, 4.73 (95% CI: 2.54–8.80) for SNRI, 3.26 (95% CI: 2.30–4.63) for TCAs, 6.62 (95% CI: 3.34–13.13) for TeCA, 4.94 (95% CI: 2.17–11.24) for MAOI, and 4.48 (95% CI: 3.13–6.40) for SARI. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis result showed that the adjusted HRs of cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) were 3.74 (95% CI: 2.91–4.82), 3.73 (95% CI: 2.39–5.80) and 5.22 (95% CI: 3.35–8.14) for those who had cDDDs of <90, 90–180 and >180 compared to those who had taken no antidepressant medication. This is a retrospective study based on secondary data, hence, we could not claim causality between antidepressant medication and dementia. However, a potential association between antidepressant and occurrence of dementia after controlling for the status of depression was observed. Lack of patients’ data about smoking status and body mass index in NHIRD, which are considered related to dementia, was also a limitation in this study. In this study, we concluded that antidepressant medication is a potential risk factor for dementia, independent from any effect of depression itself.</p></div

Assessment of risk factors for dementia using cox proportional hazards regression model.

<p>Assessment of risk factors for dementia using cox proportional hazards regression model.</p

Examination of the risk factors of dementia in terms of the antidepressant cDDD and its side effects using cox proportional hazards regression.

<p>Examination of the risk factors of dementia in terms of the antidepressant cDDD and its side effects using cox proportional hazards regression.</p

Risk of dementia with the use of antidepressants from different classes (reference = control).

<p>Risk of dementia with the use of antidepressants from different classes (reference = control).</p

Comparison of demographic characteristics and risk factors between cases and controls.

<p>Comparison of demographic characteristics and risk factors between cases and controls.</p

Comparison of the temporal changes in the infarction volumes after focal cerebral ischemia between the saline and BNG-1 treatments.

<p>The T2-weighted image indicates that the infarction volume (white region) on the lesion cortex is smaller in the BNG-1 group than the saline group from as early as 4 h to 7 d. No striatum difference was observed. The bar in the pre-operation panels indicates 2.5 mm.</p

Comparison of the temporal changes in the CBF after focal cerebral ischemia between the saline and BNG-1 treatments.

<p>CBF indicates that the postischemic hyperperfusion area (green area) is smaller in the BNG-1 group than the saline group at 4 h in both the lesion cortex and striatum, whereas no difference occurred after 2 d. The normal CBF region is blue. The bar in the pre-operation panels indicates 2.5 mm.</p