The resting HR of the four combined polymorphic types.

<p>Subjects with both T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes displayed the lowest resting HR values among the four groups. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the resting HR between the T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 genotype and T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes (ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test).</p

Subject characteristics according to genotype of <i>CLOCK</i> and <i>PER3</i>.

<p>Values are expressed as subject numbers or mean ± s.e. or number and frequency (%).</p><p>^a Unpaired Student's <i>t</i>-test (T/T <i>vs</i>. T/C or C/C, <i>PER3</i>^4/4<i>vs</i>. <i>PER3</i>^{4/5 or 5/5}).</p><p>^b χ²-tests or Fisher's exact test (T/T <i>vs</i>. T/C or C/C, <i>PER3</i>^4/4<i>vs</i>. <i>PER3</i>^{4/5 or 5/5}).</p><p>Subject characteristics according to genotype of <i>CLOCK</i> and <i>PER3</i>.</p

EGG power spectrum analysis results.

<p>Typical sets of raw EGG waves (top of each figure) and the corresponding power spectral data (bottom of each figure) obtained from a T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 (A) and a T/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 genotype subject (B). By visual inspection, in the T/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 genotype subject, the DF of the waves was diminished and shifted toward the slower frequency compared to the T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 genotype subject.</p

The DF of the four combined polymorphic types.

<p>Subjects with both T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes displayed the lowest DF values among the four groups, suggesting the slowest gastric motility. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the DF between the T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4 genotype and T/C or C/C and <i>PER3</i>^4/5 or <i>PER3</i>^5/5 genotypes (ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test).</p

Comparison of biological parameters and breakfast frequency among four genotype groups.

<p>Values are expressed as subject numbers or mean ± s.e. or number and frequency (%).</p><p>^a ANOVA using post hoc Turkey's test.</p><p>^b<i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i>. T/T and <i>PER3</i>^4/4</p><p>^c χ²-tests or Fisher's exact test.</p><p>Comparison of biological parameters and breakfast frequency among four genotype groups.</p

Maintenance of sweat glands by stem cells located in the acral epithelium

AbstractThe skin is responsible for a variety of physiological functions and is critical for wound healing and repair. Therefore, the regenerative capacity of the skin is important. However, stem cells responsible for maintaining the acral epithelium had not previously been identified. In this study, we identified the specific stem cells in the acral epithelium that participate in the long-term maintenance of sweat glands, ducts, and interadnexal epidermis and that facilitate the regeneration of these structures following injury. Lgr6-positive cells and Bmi1-positive cells were found to function as long-term multipotent stem cells that maintained the entire eccrine unit and the interadnexal epidermis. However, while Lgr6-positive cells were rapidly cycled and constantly supplied differentiated cells, Bmi1-positive cells were slow to cycle and occasionally entered the cell cycle under physiological conditions. Upon irradiation-induced injury, Bmi1-positive cells rapidly proliferated and regenerated injured epithelial tissue. Therefore, Bmi1-positive stem cells served as reservoir stem cells. Lgr5-positive cells were rapidly cycled and maintained only sweat glands; therefore, we concluded that these cells functioned as lineage-restricted progenitors. Taken together, our data demonstrated the identification of stem cells that maintained the entire acral epithelium and supported the different roles of three cellular classes