Diseases of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and their management

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is severely affected by soil borne as well as foliar diseases. Rhizome rot takes a heavy toll in majority of turmeric areas. Among foliar diseases, leaf blotch and leaf spot are important. Several minor diseases have also been reported on the crop. Future studies on crop loss assessment due to these diseases, their epidemiology under .different cropping systems and the role of biocontrol agents and organic amendments in disease suppression need a thorough investigation to develop appropriate disease management strategies. The present status of turmeric diseases and future strategies for their management are outlined in this paper. &nbsp

Prevalence of ergot of sorghum in India

This paper reports the incidence and severity of ergot (Claviceps sorghi and Claviceps africana) on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grown in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh from 1999 to 2002. Crops were surveyed at vegetative to physiological maturity stages and disease incidence (number of plants infected) and severity (percentage, based on the number of florets infected within panicles) recorded in 12 m2 areas. Percentage incidence of ergot infection varied with location, with Rajasthan and Gujarat recording only trace infections from 1999-2002 and Karnataka having 27-60% infection. Disease severity followed the same pattern

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Prevalence of ergot of sorghum in India

This paper reports the incidence and severity of ergot (Claviceps sorghi and Claviceps africana) on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grown in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh from 1999 to 2002. Crops were surveyed at vegetative to physiological maturity stages and disease incidence (number of plants infected) and severity (percentage, based on the number of florets infected within panicles) recorded in 12 m2 areas. Percentage incidence of ergot infection varied with location, with Rajasthan and Gujarat recording only trace infections from 1999-2002 and Karnataka having 27-60% infection. Disease severity followed the same pattern.This article is published as Navi, S S and Bandyopadhyay, R and Tonapi, V A and Rao, T G N and Tooley, P W and Reddy, R K and Indira, S and Pande, S (2002) Prevalence of ergot of sorghum in India. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter, 43. pp. 70-71.</p

A Pro-Endocrine Pancreatic Islet Transcriptional Program Established During Development Is Retained in Human Gallbladder Epithelial Cells

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Pancreatic islet β-cells are factories for insulin production; however, ectopic expression of insulin also is well recognized. The gallbladder is a next-door neighbor to the developing pancreas. Here, we wanted to understand if gallbladders contain functional insulin-producing cells. METHODS: We compared developing and adult mouse as well as human gallbladder epithelial cells and islets using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, RNA sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and functional studies. RESULTS: We show that the epithelial lining of developing, as well as adult, mouse and human gallbladders naturally contain interspersed cells that retain the capacity to actively transcribe, translate, package, and release insulin. We show that human gallbladders also contain functional insulin-secreting cells with the potential to naturally respond to glucose in vitro and in situ. Notably, in a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes, we observed that insulin-producing cells in the gallbladder are not targeted by autoimmune cells. Interestingly, in human gallbladders, insulin splice variants are absent, although insulin splice forms are observed in human islets. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our biochemical, transcriptomic, and functional data in mouse and human gallbladder epithelial cells collectively show the evolutionary and developmental similarities between gallbladder and the pancreas that allow gallbladder epithelial cells to continue insulin production in adult life. Understanding the mechanisms regulating insulin transcription and translation in gallbladder epithelial cells would help guide future studies in type 1 diabetes therapy