Super Fibonacci Graceful Labeling of Some Special Class of Graphs

A Fibonacci graceful labeling and a super Fibonacci graceful labeling on graphs were introduced by Kathiresan and Amutha in 2006

New drug development in India - some reflections

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In house R & D some points to ponder

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Recent developments infectious in the treatment diseases

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Can political reservations affect political equilibria in the long-term? Evidence from local elections in rural India

While many studies explored impacts of political quotas for females, often with ambiguous results, underlying mechanisms and long-term effects have received relatively little attention. Nation-wide data from India spanning a 15-year period allow us to explore how reservations affect leader qualifications, service delivery, political participation, local accountability, and individuals' willingness to contribute to public goods. Although leader quality declines and impacts on service quality are ambiguous, gender quotas are shown to increase political processes and participation, the willingness to contribute to public goods, and perceived ability to hold leaders to account. Key effects persist beyond the reserved period and impacts on females often materialize only with a lag. --Public goods,reservations,India,discrimination,political economy

Land reforms, poverty reduction, and economic growth : evidence from India

Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time.Rural Poverty Reduction,Political Economy,Rural Development Knowledge&Information Systems,Municipal Housing and Land,Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction

Efficiency and equity impacts of rural land rental restrictions : evidence from India

Recognition of the potentially deleterious implications of inequality in opportunity originating in a skewed asset distribution has spawned considerable interest in land reforms. However, little attention has been devoted to fact that, in the longer term, the measures used to implement land reforms could negatively affect productivity. Use of state level data on rental restrictions, together with a nationally representative survey from India, suggests that, contrary to original intentions, rental restrictions negatively affect productivity and equity. The restrictions reduce the scope for efficiency-enhancing rental transactions that benefit poor producers. Simulations suggest that, by doubling the number of producers with access to land through rental, from about 15 million currently, liberalization of rental markets could have far-reaching impacts.Rural Development Knowledge&Information Systems,Municipal Housing and Land,Housing&Human Habitats,Climate Change,Land and Real Estate Development

Determinants and consequences of land sales market participation : panel evidence from India

Although opinions on impacts of land market transfers are sharply divided, few studies explore the welfare and productivity effects of land markets on a larger scale. This paper uses a large Indian panel spanning almost 20 years, together with a climatic shock (rainfall) indicator, to assess the productivity and equity effects of market-mediated land transfers (sale and purchase) compared with non-market ones (inheritance). The analysis shows that frequent shocks increase land market activity, an effect that is mitigated by the presence of safety nets and banks. Land sales markets improved productivity and helped purchasers, many of whom were formerly landless, to accumulate non-land assets and significantly enhance their welfare.Banks&Banking Reform,Markets and Market Access,Municipal Housing and Land,,Real Estate Development

Studies on cucurbit viruses in Madras State. IV. Some aspects of the relationships of Melon Mosaic Virus strain to its three aphid vectors

Melon Mosaic Virus (MMV) was non-persistent in its three aphid vectors. The pre-acquisition fasting threshold, acquisition threshold and the inoculation feeding threshold were 5 minutes, 10 seconds and 60 seconds respectively for Myzus persicae, 15 minutes, 30 seconds and 3 minutes respectively for Aphis gossypii, 60 minutes, 60 seconds and 5 minutes respectively for A. nerii. The optimum number of viruliferous aphids per plant for maximum transmission was 30 in all the vectors. Increasing the number of aphids above this optimum decreased the percentage transmission of the virus. In the case of myzus persicae, the reduction in the percentage transmission was conspicuous when 240 aphids per plant were used whereas in A. nerii the decrease was noticed even when 100 aphids per plant were used. The percentage transmission by fasted aphids was more than by the non-fasted ones. Persistance of the virus during fasting was for 90, 45 and 30 minutes respectively in M. persicae, A. gossypii and A. nerii while during feeding it was 30, 15 and 10 minutes respectively. The aphid vectors were ranked in the following descending order of transmission efficiency: Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and A. nerii. The length of the pre-acquisition fasting period varied inversely as the efficiency. More efficient the vector, shorter was the fasting period. The acquisition threshold and incoulation feeding threshold also varied inversely as the efficiency of the vector. The fall in the efficiency of transmission when the number of aphid vector was increased above the optimum was considered to be due to a salivary inhibitor. Apterous forms of the aphid vectors were more efficient transmitters of the viruses than the alate forms. It was concluded that all aphids have a salivary inactivator, the quantity secreted varied from species to species, the efficiency of transmission being inversely correlated with the quantity of inhibitor secreted