Comparison between patterns generated by microcontact printing and dip-pen nanolithography on

InP surfaces were patterned by microcontact printing and dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). The chemical nature and coverage of the functionalized surfaces were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of all adsorbates on the surface was verified. The XPS data confirmed the covalent attachment of the adsorbates when microcontact printing was used, but no evidence for covalent bonding was observed when InP was patterned by DPN

Weak signals and wild cards in water and sanitation services : exploring an approach for water utilities

Weak signals and wild cards are used to scan the environment and make systems more sensitive to emerging changes. In this paper, the applicability of weak signals and wild cards is experimented in a case of a highly reliable and conservative sector, water and sanitation services. The aim is to explore an approach suitable for water utilities. The paper discusses different theoretical and methodological approaches to weak signals and wild cards, and reflects these in relation to the chosen approach. It is argued that the process of weak signals and wild cards can serve as a communication and reflection exercise for an organisation like a water utility. Furthermore, incorporating weak signals and wild cards can be an essential part in futures thinking, challenge prevailing mental models, and make systems more open to sense and learn from their environment. It is recommended for water utilities to apply a loose approach on weak signals and wild cards and embed it as a part of their organisational culture. However, it should be remembered that the approach should always be chosen to match the overall objectives and context.Peer reviewe