Comparison of Oral Azithromycin and Intra Venous Ceftriaxone for Treatment of Uncomplicated Enteric Fever in Children

Background : To compare the clinical efficacy of intravenous (I/V) Ceftriaxone with oral Azithromycin in 2-12 year old children diagnosed with enteric fever. Methods: In this comparative study children with the history of fever for >4 days and at least two out of these findings, i.e., toxic physical appearance, abdominal pain, coated tongue, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly were divided into two equal groups. Patients in Group A were given Azithromycin 20 mg / kg/ day as a single oral dose whereas patients in Group B were given Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day as a single I/V injection for 07 days. Before initiation of therapy samples for Typhidot and Widal test were collected and only those testing positive were included. Results: There were 42 (93.3%) and 40 (88.9%) patients in both the groups respectively who were clinically cured. No significant difference was found between these two groups (p-value 0.459). Conclusion: There was no difference in the clinical efficacy between Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin for the treatment of typhoid fever in children

Comparative analysis of monetary and fiscal Policy: a case study of Pakistan

This study investigates the comparative effect of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data from 1981 to 2009. The cointegration result suggests that both monetary and fiscal policy have significant and positive effect on economic growth. The coefficient of monetary policy is much greater than fiscal policy which implies that monetary policy has more concerned with economic growth than fiscal policy in Pakistan. The implication of the study is that the policy makers should focus more on monetary policy than fiscal to enhance economic growth. The role of fiscal policy can be more effective for enhancing economic growth by eliminating corruption, leakages of resources and inappropriate use of resources. However, the combination and harmonization of both monetary and fiscal policy are highly recommended.Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Economic Growth.

Impact of Job Involvement, Commitment, Job Satisfaction on Turnover: An Empirical Investigation on Banking Sector

This paper examines the relationship between human attitudinal and behavioral  factors of employees involvement and satisfaction in relation with a job  and there  commitment  associated with the organization, along with there effect on labor turnover in banking sector of Pakistan by understanding of which an organization can create a idyllic and conducive working environment. Relationship between the variables under study is explored using structural equation modeling as a statistical tool. Positive association were revealed among  involvement related to job, commitment to an organization with  satisfaction related to a job during the study on the other hand  insignificant connection among commitment in relation with the organization,  satisfaction in relation with the job itself and intentions toward turnover were partially maintained by the findings. Model used in the present investigation is tested empirically and fit indices confirm it. Keywords: Organizational commitment, Job Involvement, Job satisfaction, Labor turnover intention, Structural Equation Modeling

Identification Of The Social Development In Early Childhood In Pakistan

This study was conducted to identify the social development in early childhood years. It was delimited to eight private schools of Lahore City from the area of Faisal Town and Shadman. Forty students (male and female) were randomly selected as the sample. Five students from Nursery, Prep and grade one were selected from each school.  A checklist was developed by reviewing the related literature which covered attributes of social developments under the sections of individual, social skills, peer relationships and communication skills. It was revealed that individual, social skills, peer relationships and communication skills were developed in the children but a positive mood was lacking in them at this stage

IDENTIFICATION OF ACADEMIC CHALLENGES TO PROMOTE ACADEMIC QUALITY AT WORKERS WELFARE SCHOOLS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN-EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS (EFA) OF THE INSTRUMENT

This study conducted an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on an instrument named “Identification of Academic Challenges to Promote Academic Quality at Workers Welfare Schools.” The instrument was developed for the Punjab Workers Welfare Fund Government of the Punjab. It was tested on various stakeholders, including principals, teachers, and students of workers welfare schools. The instrument’s reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s α of .876. Its validity was supported by 10 domains encompassing 24 items. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure verified the sampling adequacy for the analysis (KMO = .828). The study recommends using this scale in future research. It also suggests further psychometric testing within Pakistan and other countries to enhance its reliability and validity. This instrument is expected to provide a reliable and valid tool for identifying academic challenges and promoting academic quality in workers welfare schools

Population dynamics of killifish Aphanius dispar (Ruppel) in Sandspit area off Karachi

Growth and mortality parameters of Aphanius dispar a cyprinoides generally observed in the catches of near shore area were estimated from the length frequency data collected from Sandspit area of Karachi, using LFSA. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated as Loo=71.73 mm & K=L35/yr for Male Aphanius dispar and Loo=70.66 & K=l.41 for female. Total Mortality coefficient (Z) was estimated using Length converted catch curve which is equal to 2.12/yr, for male and for female 2.19/yr. Natural mortality (M) was estimated by Pauly's empirical formula: M=l.64/yr (male) and 1.70/yr (female). The species also displayed two cohorts a year

Resilience And Academic Achievement Of Male And Female Secondary Level Students In Pakistan

Resilience is the ability to succeed despite barriers that make it difficult for the students to succeed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience and academic achievement of secondary level students of Gujranwala, Pakistan. A Resilience scale was used to collect data. The sample consisted of 127 secondary students, including 52 boys and 75 girls. The data revealed that there was no association between resilience and achievement as measured through marks obtained in 10th grade. The boys are more resilient than girls at the secondary level in Pakistan. &nbsp

Employers Perception Of Attributes Of Teachers And Training Practices In Pakistan: Difference Between Demand And Supply

The purpose of this paper is to identify the qualities employers look for in a teacher candidate. The objectives of the study were to compare the employers perception of personal qualities, personal habits, personal skills/abilities and teaching skills of teachers, desired by the market and the actual attributes of teachers trained by training institutions. All private schools of the Province Punjab were the population of the study. Three districts of the Punjab province were selected as target population to collect data. Thirty schools from each district were selected as a sample. It was concluded that the difference between desired and possessed qualities is quite significant. It was felt that a strong coordination between training institutions and schools is badly needed to transform training programs to make them compatible with the market demands