Illiterate Mothers; A Common Risk Factor Of Severe Anemia Among Childen Below 10 Years Of Age

Objective: To determine common risk factors of severe anemia among children below 10 years of ageDesign and duration:  This is a prospective study completed in duration of eight months from July 2019 to February 2020Setting: Study was conducted in Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur.Patients & methods: Children below ten years of age presenting to the study hospital with the complaint of severe anemia were included in the study. These cases were not having any obvious other morbidity causing anemia. Complete blood count and blood morphology was done in every child. Hemoglobin level below 7g/dl was taken as severe anemia in this study. Confidence interval was 95%, margin of error 5%. P-value less than 0.05 was taken significant. Percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviation calculated using SPSS software. Results presented via tables and graphs. Consent was taken from guardians of children for including their children in the study. Educational status of mothers was determined.Results: Total 75 children having anemia were studied. Age range was 6months to 10 years with mean age of 4.7±3.2 years. There were 24% cases between 25-36 months. In most of the children 56% hemoglobin was 5-6 g/dl. Mostly mothers were having education below matriculation.Conclusion: Illiteracy among mothers of our country is a common risk factor of severe anemia in their children. Increasing literacy rate can reduce incidence of this disease and nutritional status of children and nursing mothers can be improved as well

Hepatitis –C Transmission; Frequency of Common Risk Factors Transmitting Disease among Adults

Objective: To determine common risk factors transmitting hepatitis C among adult population and their frequency.Design & duration: This is a prospective study completed in duration of six months from July 2019 to December 2019.Setting: Study was conducted at Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur.Patients &methods: Patients reporting to out-patient doors of the study institution with hepatitis-C during study period were included in this study. Consecutive sampling technique was used. Sample size determined using WHO sample size calculator. A performa was designed in which all necessary data was documented in the form of questions having multiple options. Right option was selected according to patient response. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were made for selection of study cases. All collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. Chi square test was applied. Stratification of risk factors was done. P-value less than 0.05 were taken significant. Frequency and percentage for qualitative variables and means, SD determined for quantitative variables Results: Total 130 cases were included in study sample. Age range was 25-59 years with mean age 45.42±5.6 (SD) years. There were 9.2% between 20-30 years, 20% between 31-40 years, 31.5% between 31-40 years and 39.2% between 51-60 years of age. There were 58.5% male and 41.5% female cases. Most common transmission factor reported was history of dental procedure in 33.1% of our study population.  Conclusion: Hepatitis-C is a very common disease in Pakistani population more common in old age and most common mode of transmission was dental procedures and second most common factor was infected blood transfusio