An Exploration of Leadership Styles and Motivation in Egyptian Business Organizations

Transformational leadership is often lauded as an ideal approach to addressing the demands of the complex global business environment. The purpose of this qualitative grounded theory study was to understand the nature of employee motivation with regard to leadership styles and the role of transformational leadership in Egyptian business organizations. Seventeen Egyptian professionals were interviewed regarding their experiences with organizational leaders; their perceptions of the ideal organizational leader; their feelings about the tenets of transformational leadership; and how leadership styles influence their job performance, satisfaction, and the achievement of their career-related goals. This study yielded not only information that can make it easier to lead and motivate employees in Egyptian business organizations, but also led to the development of a theory for the ideal leadership style for Egyptian employees

The passengers\u27 satisfaction with public bus service among middle-income users in Greater Cairo

Public transport is an essential demand to ensure ease mobility for all the citizens to fulfill different life activities such as work, education and health. Passengers, around the world, search for a convenient bus service responds to their needs such as coverage, regular time table service, safety, facilities within terminals, better atmosphere inside the vehicle during the trip, and affordable fare. However, these basic needs are deteriorated on many countries due to lack of efficiency and responsiveness of the service operators. The aim of this study is to understand the most critical factors that influence on the passengers’ satisfaction with the public bus service in Egypt from the perspective of middle-income users specifically in both Cairo and Giza governorates. A qualitative study had been conducted in three main bus Terminals located in Tahrir, Boulak El Dakror and Lebanon Square in Cairo and Giza governorates. A sample of 40 passenger has been chosen based on different set of criteria include age, reliance of the service and monthly income. The analysis identifies the five categories that are essential for passengers of the public bus service. The first category is the facilities within the bus terminal which include secured waiting areas, bathrooms, cleanliness, lighting and personal security. The second category is the conditions of the vehicle that include design, drivers\u27 behavior and information during the trip. The third category is the bus fare and to what extent passengers can afford to the bus service in Greater Cairo. The fourth one is the accurate time table that organizes the service during different working hours. The final category is the additional options for the passengers to improve the mobility and reduce stress during long trips. To improve the service, the operators have to include the passengers\u27 perceptions and opinions on the evaluation process as the passengers represent the backbone of the bus service and interact directly with the service weaknesses

Additive Manufacturing of Stretchable Strain Sensors: Fabrication, Optimization and Application

In this project, a novel strain sensor design is fabricated employing different additive manufacturing techniques. The spring sensor\u27s primary material is PLA-Like resin with a nanocomposite encapsulation layer as the functional material. The main principle of Straining the sensors results in a change in resistivity as the distances among the conductive carbon particles change according to the strain applied. Sensor fabrication consists of two parts: spring manufacturing and development of nanocomposite encapsulation The nanocomposite matrix is developed through the dispersion of Graphene and Carbon nanotubes in Thermoplastic Polyurethane through sonication and magnetic hotplate stirring. While the spring itself is manufactured by injection molding, the spring is dip-coated in the TPU-Carbon nanocomposite to fully develop the functional spring sensor. The novel sensor design, nanocomposite development, and fabrication processes optimization combine to maximize key performance indicators which are: high gauge factors and large extension percentages. This project reports a maximum gauge factor of 950 and an extension of 300% of the initial sensor length. These promising electrotechnical properties show great potential to be employed in numerous applications, in this report, respiration monitoring for preterm infants is discussed as the main challenge to be addressed. Wearable sensors for infant respiration monitoring face some challenges with low gauge factors and stretchability. The application of this sensor addresses the current problems in the electromechanical behavior of current wearable systems reported in the literature