Os crimes que afetam o mundo animal e vegetal: os problemas da penalização

The article analyzes the group of criminal law norms contained in Chapter 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, providing for responsibility for crimes encroaching upon the animal and plant world, in the context of determining whether their sanctions correspond to the nature and degree of public danger of the acts. The paper emphasizes that the effectiveness of the application of criminal law in general, and the rules governing the crimes committed in the field of animal and plant life in particular, depends on many factors, including the problems of lawmaking. In this regard, the issues of legislative construction of sanctions of the relevant criminal law are considered. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that most of the sanctions of the norms in question do not correspond to the nature and degree of public danger of prohibited acts, the principle of the systematic nature of their construction has been violated. As a result, it is stated that today the penalties imposed for crimes that infringe on the animal and plant world cannot be considered to be efficient.El artículo analiza el grupo de normas de derecho penal contenidas en el Capítulo 26 del Código Penal de la Federación Rusa, que establece la responsabilidad por los delitos que afectan al mundo animal y vegetal, en el contexto de determinar si sus sanciones corresponden a la naturaleza y grado de Peligro público de los actos. El documento enfatiza que la efectividad de la aplicación del derecho penal en general, y las reglas que rigen los delitos cometidos en el campo de la vida animal y vegetal en particular, dependen de muchos factores, incluyendo los problemas de la legislación. En este sentido, se consideran los temas de construcción legislativa de sanciones de la ley penal pertinente. Como resultado del análisis, se concluye que la mayoría de las sanciones de las normas en cuestión no se corresponden con la naturaleza y el grado de peligro público de los actos prohibidos, se ha violado el principio de la naturaleza sistemática de su construcción. Como resultado, se afirma que hoy las sanciones impuestas por delitos que infringen el mundo animal y vegetal no pueden considerarse eficientes.O artigo analisa o conjunto de normas de direito penal contidas no Capítulo 26 do Código Penal da Federação Russa, que prevê a responsabilidade por crimes que invadem o mundo animal e vegetal, no contexto de determinar se suas sanções correspondem à natureza e ao grau de criminalidade. perigo público dos actos. O documento enfatiza que a eficácia da aplicação do direito penal em geral, e as regras que regem os crimes cometidos no campo da vida animal e vegetal em particular, depende de muitos fatores, incluindo os problemas do processo legislativo. A este respeito, as questões de construção legislativa de sanções do direito penal relevante são consideradas. Como resultado da análise, conclui-se que a maioria das sanções das normas em questão não correspondem à natureza e grau de perigo público de atos proibidos, o princípio da natureza sistemática de sua construção foi violado. Como resultado, afirma-se que hoje as penalidades impostas por crimes que infringem o mundo animal e vegetal não podem ser consideradas eficientes

Olives and olive oil are sources of electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkenes

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and olives, key sources of unsaturated fatty acids in the Mediterranean diet, provide health benefits to humans. Nitric oxide (•NO) and nitrite (NO2-)-dependent reactions of unsaturated fatty acids yield electrophilic nitroalkene derivatives (NO 2-FA) that manifest salutary pleiotropic cell signaling responses in mammals. Herein, the endogenous presence of NO2-FA in both EVOO and fresh olives was demonstrated by mass spectrometry. The electrophilic nature of these species was affirmed by the detection of significant levels of protein cysteine adducts of nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA-cysteine) in fresh olives, especially in the peel. Further nitration of EVOO by NO2- under acidic gastric digestive conditions revealed that human consumption of olive lipids will produce additional nitro-conjugated linoleic acid (NO2-cLA) and nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA). The presence of free and protein-adducted NO2-FA in both mammalian and plant lipids further affirm a role for these species as signaling mediators. Since NO2-FA instigate adaptive anti-inflammatory gene expression and metabolic responses, these redox-derived metabolites may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet. © 2014 Fazzari et al