8 research outputs found

    Isolierung und Charakterisierung der ER-residenten Aminopeptidase ERMP1 und Untersuchung ihrer Funktion in der Prozessierung MHC I restringierter CTL Epitope

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    Die effiziente Generierung von Peptid-Epitopen aus zelleigenen oder viralen Proteinen für die Präsentation auf „Major Histocompatibility Complex I“ (MHC I) Molekülen ist essentiell für die Aktivierung des adaptiven Immunsystems und die Effektorfunktion der CD8+ zytotoxischen T-Zellen (CTLs). CTLs erkennen diese Peptide in Kontext mit MHC I Molekülen über ihren spezifischen T-Zellrezeptor (TCR). Die Generierung dieser Epitope ist das Resultat eines komplexen proteolytischen Prozesses, der im Zytosol und im endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER) stattfindet. Im Zytosol generiert das Proteasom N-terminal verlängerte Epitop-Vorläufer. Diese werden durch weitere zytosolische Proteasen abgebaut, es sei denn, sie werden durch den „transporter associated with antigen processing“ (TAP) in das ER transportiert. Dort werden sie durch Aminopeptidasen getrimmt, um den Bindungsvoraussetzungen der MHC I Moleküle zu genügen. Im murinen System ist die „ER aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing“ (ERAAP) die bislang einzige beschriebene Aminopeptidase, die dieses N-terminale Trimming von CTL Epitopen vermitteln kann. Das Profil der proteolytischen Aktivität in angereichertem murinen ER kann jedoch nicht allein durch die Aktivität von ERAAP erklärt werden, was auf die Anwesenheit weiterer Aminopeptidasen mit einer potentiellen Funktion in der Antigenprozessierung hinweist. In dieser Arbeit konnte die immunologisch bislang noch nicht beschriebene Aminopeptidase ERMP1 (endoplasmic reticulum metallopeptidase 1) im murinen ER identifiziert werden. Nach Aufreinigung muriner Mikrosomen und anschließender Anionenaustausch-Chromatographie wurden die gesammelten Fraktionen mit fluorogenen Substraten auf Aminopeptidase-Aktivität getestet. Durch massenspektrometrische Analyse konnten in den beobachteten Peaks die schon beschriebenen Aminopeptidasen ERAAP, die „insulin regulated aminopeptidase“ IRAP und die immunologisch bislang nicht beschriebene Aminopeptidase ERMP1 identifiziert werden. Durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie konnte die intrazelluläre Lokalisation von ERMP1 im ER durch Kolokalisation mit TAP verifiziert werden. Wie viele Komponenten des MHC I Prozessierungsweges wird auch die Expression von ERMP1 durch IFN-γ stimuliert. Dies macht ERMP1 zu einer potentiellen zweiten trimmenden Aminopeptidase im murinen ER. Überexpression von ERMP1 hat einen allelspezifischen Einfluss auf die globale MHC I Präsentation auf der Zelloberfläche und durch Überexpression und shRNA vermitteltes gene silencing konnte außerdem ein epitopspezifischer Effekt nachgewiesen werden. Da N-terminales Trimming durch ERAAP mit der Evasion von Tumoren und veränderter Immundominanz assoziiert wird, ist die detaillierte Charakterisierung der Aminopeptidase ERMP1 ein wichtiger Schritt zum Verständnis der MHC I Antigen-Prozessierung und der Generierung von CTL Epitopen im ER.Efficient generation of epitopes derived from intracellular or viral proteins for presentation on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules is essential for the activation of the adaptive immune system. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes (CTLs) recognize peptides in context with MHC class I molecules through their specific T-cell receptor (TCR). Recognition of MHC I/peptide complexes is required to fulfill CTL effector function i.e. to kill malignant or infected cells. Generation and presentation of peptide epitopes on MHC class I molecules is the result of a complex multi-step process, which takes place in two cellular compartments, namely the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the cytosol the proteasome generates N-terminally extended epitope precursors, which are transported by TAP into the ER and then trimmed by ER-resident aminopeptidases to match the requirements of the presenting MHC class I molecule. In the murine system, the “endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing” (ERAAP) is so far the only protease described to perform N-terminal trimming of CTL epitope precursors in the ER, as mice lack a homologue to the human enzyme ERAP2. However, the specificity profile of proteolytic activity found in enriched ER fractions cannot be fully explained by ERAAP alone, indicating the presence of additional aminopeptidases with potential roles in antigen processing. In this work, the identification of the “endoplasmic reticulum metallopeptidase 1” (ERMP1) and its contribution to antigen presentation on MHC class I molecules is described. After enrichment of murine ER and ion-exchange chromatography, fractions were screened for aminopeptidase activity with fluorogenic substrates. Analysis revealed three distinct peaks of proteolytic activity. Mass spectrometric analysis of the first two peaks identified the previously described aminopeptidases ERAAP and “insulin regulated aminopeptidase” (IRAP), while the third peak contained a novel aminopeptidase not yet implicated in antigen processing, ERMP1. Subcellular localization of the protein in the ER was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy through co-localization with TAP. Additionally, ERMP1 was found to be strongly inducible by IFN-γ, underlining a potential role in the MHC class I pathway. Overexpression and shRNA-mediated knockdown revealed an allele- and epitope specific effect on surface MHC I levels. As N-terminal trimming of ERAAP/ERAP1 is associated with tumour evasion and changing of epitope immunohierarchies, detailed characterisation of the newly identified peptidase would be an essential step towards the understanding of antigen processing in general and generation of CTL epitopes by N-terminal trimming in the ER

    Detektion af <em>Dichelobacter nodosus</em> og sanering for ondartet klovsyge i tre danske fårebesætninger

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    Sanering for ondartet klovsyge blev gennemført i tre danske fårebesætninger. Metoder til dyrkning og realtime PCR-detektion for bakterien Dichelobacter nodosus blev etableret på Veterinærinstituttet, og bakterien blev for første gang isoleret i Danmark. Alle dyr blev undersøgt klinisk to gange og klovene vurderet ud fra en 5-trinsskala. Prævalensen af angrebne dyr (score ≥2) var 24 %, 64 % og 29 % i flok 1, 2 og 3. Blandt får med karakteristiske ildelugtende, underminerede læsioner svarende til klovsyge-score ≥3 blev 96 % fundet positive for D. nodosus ved real-time PCR. Alle får behandledes med 10 % zinksulfat klovbad og oxytetracyklin i.m. Ved besætningsbesøget efter sanering havde kun et får klovsygescore ≥2. Kun en af de tre besætninger har efterfølgende benyttet karantæne ved indkøb af dyr, og 1 år efter sanering er kun denne fortsat symptomfri og PCR-negativ.An eradication project was applied in three Danish sheep farms affected with footrot. Methods to detect Dichelobacter nodosus by culture and real-time PCR were established at the National Veterinary Institute and the organism was detected for the first time in Denmark. All sheep were examined twice and all hoofs assessed using a 5-point scale. The prevalence of affected sheep was 24 %, 64 % and 29 % in herd 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among sheep with characteristic, undermined, foul-smelling lesions (hoof-score ≥3) 96 % were positive for D. nodosus in the real-time PCR. All sheep were treated with 10 % zink-sulphate hoofbath, and oxytetracycline i.m. After treatment only one sheep had a hoof score ≥2. One year after the eradication project only one herd, which has implemented quarantine restrictions, is still PCR negative and free of clinical signs

    HIV-1 Adaptation to Antigen Processing Results in Population-Level Immune Evasion and Affects Subtype Diversification

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    Summary: The recent HIV-1 vaccine failures highlight the need to better understand virus-host interactions. One key question is why CD8+ T cell responses to two HIV-Gag regions are uniquely associated with delayed disease progression only in patients expressing a few rare HLA class I variants when these regions encode epitopes presented by ∼30 more common HLA variants. By combining epitope processing and computational analyses of the two HIV subtypes responsible for ∼60% of worldwide infections, we identified a hitherto unrecognized adaptation to the antigen-processing machinery through substitutions at subtype-specific motifs. Multiple HLA variants presenting epitopes situated next to a given subtype-specific motif drive selection at this subtype-specific position, and epitope abundances correlate inversely with the HLA frequency distribution in affected populations. This adaptation reflects the sum of intrapatient adaptations, is predictable, facilitates viral subtype diversification, and increases global HIV diversity. Because low epitope abundance is associated with infrequent and weak T cell responses, this most likely results in both population-level immune evasion and inadequate responses in most people vaccinated with natural HIV-1 sequence constructs. Our results suggest that artificial sequence modifications at subtype-specific positions in vitro could refocus and reverse the poor immunogenicity of HIV proteins. : CD8+ T cell responses against HIV-1 effectively delay disease progression in a minority of patients with relatively rare HLA variants but are ineffective in most. Here, Tenzer et al. identify fundamental HIV-1 adaptation to the conserved human antigen-processing machinery that feeds epitopes to HLA. This adaptation occurs at subtype-specific motifs, facilitates subtype diversification, is predictable, and results in CD8 epitope abundances that correlate inversely with the HLA allele frequencies in affected populations. Thus, HIV vaccine immunogenicity might be increased by unnatural substitutions at subtype-specific motifs
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