Results of logistic regression analysis for Genotype and allele frequency of SNPs rs11720822 in <i>PDIA5</i> and rs2754511 in <i>BIRC6</i> in POAG, PCAG and PEXG patients and control individuals.

a<p>Age and gender adjusted OR and (95%CI) from multivariate logistic regression analysis; p^bBonferoni corrected p values; ^cOR and (95%CI) from univariate logistic regression analysis; Est., estimates</p

Enface swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) of normal eyes of two different subjects belonging to the younger and older age groups.

<p>The upper row (<b>A</b>-<b>D</b>) shows enface SS-OCT of a 26 year old female where the total choroidal thickness measured 346μm. Scale bars (representing A-D) = 3mm. White circular area (representing A-D): macular area. White oval area (A-D): peripapillary area. The lower row (<b>E</b>-<b>H</b>) shows enface SS-OCT of a 47 year old female where the total choroidal thickness measured 201μm. Scale bars (representing E-H) = 3mm. White circular area (representing E-H): macular area. White oval area (E-H): peripapillary area. Retinal pigment epithelium (<b>A</b> and <b>E</b>) and individual choroidal layers, namely choriocapillaris (<b>B</b> and <b>F</b>), inner choroid (<b>C</b> and <b>G</b>) and outer choroid (<b>D</b> and <b>H</b>) have distinct features. Note variable choroidal thicknesses throughout the posterior pole, revealed by the visualization of the sclera in some areas, more commonly in the peripapillary region and temporal to the macula.</p

Enface swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) describing the choroidal layers in a normal 40-year-old subject and post-mortem histological examination of the choroid in an 81-year-old subject.

<p>Enface SS-OCT scans were obtained at different levels. (<b>A</b>) Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) appears as a homogeneous hyper-reflective layer; scale bar = 1.5 mm. The retinal vessels visible throughout scans are the shadows of the overlying retinal vessels (<b>B</b>) Choriocapillaris layer has a homogeneous reticular pattern, vessel lumens are indistinct on enface SS-OCT; scale bar = 1.5 mm. (<b>D</b>) Inner choroid has small caliber vessels in highly complicated but homogeneous disposition, with short vascular segments crossing over and under each other; scale bar = 1.5 mm. (<b>E</b>) Outer choroid has medium and large choroidal vessels, interwoven in the center of the macula and assuming clear radial distribution beyond the macular area towards the equator; scale bar = 1.5 mm. No distinct anatomic boundary can be determined between inner and outer choroid since vessel caliber and distribution change in a progressive gradient. (<b>C</b> and <b>F</b>) Histopathological section of the choroid from an 81-year-old female obtained with a 20x objective lens. Section is slightly oblique allowing more than one choroidal layer to be observed. Sections were labeled with UEA-I lectin (red) and the basal lamina marker anti-collagen IV (green). RPE nuclei are indicated by blue fluorescence from the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining. (<b>C</b>) RPE (black circle) and choriocapillaris (white circle) are observed; scale bar = 50 μm. (<b>F</b>) Small caliber choroidal vessels (short arrow), and medium and large size choroidal vessels (long arrow) are observed deeper in the choroid; scale bar = 150 μm.</p

Bland Altman plots for internal and external validation of the method.

<p><b>(A)</b> Graph showing an agreement between two independent observers for absolute thickness of choriocapillaris. <b>(B)</b> Graph showing an agreement between two independent observers for absolute thickness of choroidal vessels. <b>(C)</b> Graph showing an agreement between two independent observers for subfoveal total choroidal thickness. <b>(D)</b> Graph showing an agreement in subfoveal total choroidal thickness measured on cross-sectional swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) (B-scans) and enface SS-OCT images (C-scans). n represents the number of eyes and “bias” represents the results of the Bland Altman analysis. Note that <b>A-C</b> represent the internal validation of the method and <b>D</b> represents the external validation of the method.</p

Enface swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) of normal eyes of two different subjects belonging to the younger and older age groups.

<p>The upper row (<b>A</b>-<b>D</b>) shows enface SS-OCT of a 26 year old female where the total choroidal thickness measured 346μm. Scale bars (representing A-D) = 3mm. White circular area (representing A-D): macular area. White oval area (A-D): peripapillary area. The lower row (<b>E</b>-<b>H</b>) shows enface SS-OCT of a 47 year old female where the total choroidal thickness measured 201μm. Scale bars (representing E-H) = 3mm. White circular area (representing E-H): macular area. White oval area (E-H): peripapillary area. Retinal pigment epithelium (<b>A</b> and <b>E</b>) and individual choroidal layers, namely choriocapillaris (<b>B</b> and <b>F</b>), inner choroid (<b>C</b> and <b>G</b>) and outer choroid (<b>D</b> and <b>H</b>) have distinct features. Note variable choroidal thicknesses throughout the posterior pole, revealed by the visualization of the sclera in some areas, more commonly in the peripapillary region and temporal to the macula.</p

Scatter plots of relative thicknesses in percentages vs. age.

<p><b>(A)</b> Relative thickness of choriocapillaris and <b>(B)</b> relative thickness of choroidal vessels measured with enface swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).</p

Absolute and relative thicknesses of the choroid by age.

<p>Mean values of subfoveal TC, as well as absolute and relative thicknesses of individual choroidal layers (CC and CV) measured with enface swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and compared using the unpaired student t-test in the younger (<40 years) and older (≥40 years) age groups. Average values of the two eyes from each subject were used for this comparison. n represents the number of values compared. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-observer agreements of the measured absolute thicknesses is also shown. Abbreviations: ICC: intra-class correlation coefficient; SD: standard deviation; TC: subfoveal total choroidal thickness; CC: choriocapillaris; CV: choroidal vessels; N/A: non-applicable; CI: confidence interval.</p