Top five breeds most likely to lack drug response.

<p>Top five breeds most likely to lack drug response.</p

Association between clinical variables and ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency in canine epilepsy patients.

<p>Association between clinical variables and ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency in canine epilepsy patients.</p

Risk factors for remission in canine epilepsy cases.

<p>Risk factors for remission in canine epilepsy cases.</p

Comparison of signalment between dogs affected and unaffected by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions.

<p>Comparison of signalment between dogs affected and unaffected by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions.</p

Breeds referred to as chondrodystrophic in recent publications.

<p>To gain a consensus view on which dogs were classed as chondrodystrophic, Web of Science was systematically searched using the terms “((dog* OR canine) AND chondrodystroph*)”, with full scientific papers published in English between 2007–2012 included. The full text of all 24 papers returned by the search were examined to determine which breeds were explicitly referred to as chondrodystrophic.</p

Mean BL:HW ratios of the 15 longest breeds, and other breeds affected by thoracolumbar IVDE, with number diagnosed with IVDE.

<p>Mean BL:HW ratios of the 15 longest breeds, and other breeds affected by thoracolumbar IVDE, with number diagnosed with IVDE.</p

Probability of being affected by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion across the body condition score scale.

<p>The risk of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion is demonstrated here across the body condition score (BCS) scale, using the Purina 9 point system. This is demonstrated in the Miniature Dachshund breeds (red), and small (purple), medium (blue) and large (black) cross breeds. As BCS increases, probability of being affected increases in all breeds. Age = 5 years and BL:HW = 1.5 (breed mean) for Miniature Dachshunds, and age = 5 years and BL:HW = 1.03 (breed mean) for all cross breeds.</p

Results of binary response mixed model analysis of key predictors upon the risk of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.

<p>Results of binary response mixed model analysis of key predictors upon the risk of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.</p

Probability of being affected by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion across the relative back length spectrum.

<p>The risk of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion is demonstrated here across the back length to height at the withers (BL:HW) ratio scale. This is demonstrated in the Miniature Dachshund breed (red) and small (purple), medium (blue) and large (black) cross breeds. As BL:HW increases, probability of being affected increases in all breeds. Age = 5 years and BCS = 5 for all dogs.</p

Probability of being affected by thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion across the PC1 (size) spectrum.

<p>Miniaturisation is demonstrated as a risk factor for intervertebral disc extrusion. As PC1 increases (and therefore skeletal size increases), the probability of being affected decreases in all breeds. Age = 5 years and BCS = 5 for all dogs, with BL:HW = 1.5 (breed mean) for Miniature Dachshunds (red), and BL:HW = 0.86, 1.19 and 1.51 for the three hypothetical cross breed comparisons, to demonstrate this relationship in relatively short (blue), relatively long (black), and extremely relatively long (purple) dogs. Breed estimates for the Miniature Dachshunds are limited to values of PC1 recorded in the study population, for biological plausibility.</p