Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogram of contemporary and ancient haplotypes of <i>Pediculus humanus</i> based on the partial 272-bp cytb gene with <i>Pediculus schaeffi</i> (KC241883) and <i>Pthirus pubis</i> (EU219990) as outgroups.

<p>Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogram of contemporary and ancient haplotypes of <i>Pediculus humanus</i> based on the partial 272-bp cytb gene with <i>Pediculus schaeffi</i> (KC241883) and <i>Pthirus pubis</i> (EU219990) as outgroups.</p

High Ancient Genetic Diversity of Human Lice, <i>Pediculus humanus</i>, from Israel Reveals New Insights into the Origin of Clade B Lice - Fig 1

<p><b>Recovery of ancient human head lice from a two-sided louse comb belonging to the Roman period (A) recovered from the Judean desert and Arava regions of Israel</b>. In the lower part, entire specimens (B and C), the head and thorax of a head louse (D) and a damaged non-operculated egg (E) can be seen.</p

<i>Cytb</i> haplotype networks of contemporary and ancient human body and head lice.

<p>Each circle area indicates a unique haplotype and variations in circle size are proportional to haplotype frequencies. Pie colors and sizes in circles represent the continents and the number of their sequence for a haplotype. The length of the links between nodes is proportional to mutational differences.</p

High Ancient Genetic Diversity of Human Lice, <i>Pediculus humanus</i>, from Israel Reveals New Insights into the Origin of Clade B Lice - Fig 1

<p><b>Recovery of ancient human head lice from a two-sided louse comb belonging to the Roman period (A) recovered from the Judean desert and Arava regions of Israel</b>. In the lower part, entire specimens (B and C), the head and thorax of a head louse (D) and a damaged non-operculated egg (E) can be seen.</p

Phylogenetic position of identified genotypes of <i>C</i>. <i>burnetii</i>, the agent of Q fever.

<p>The concerned sequences (COX2, 5 and 18) were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences was conducted in MEGA 6 using the maximum likelihood method, with the complete deletion option, based on the Kimura 2-parameter for nucleotide sequences. There was a total of 1,247 positions in the final dataset.</p

Haplotype frequency of Mali head lice identified per village.

<p>Haplotype frequency of Mali head lice identified per village.</p

Summary of ancient samples, DNA analyses and haplotypes assignment.

<p>Summary of ancient samples, DNA analyses and haplotypes assignment.</p

Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. identified in the present study compared to other <i>Rickettsia</i> bacteria available on GenBank.

<p>The <i>gltA</i> sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences were conducted in MEGA 6 using the maximum likelihood method, with the complete deletion option, based on the Kimura 3-parameter for nucleotide sequences. The GenBank accession numbers are indicated at the end. Statistical support for the internal branches of the trees was evaluated by bootstrapping with 1,000 iterations. The codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. There was a total of 1,161 positions in the final dataset. The scale bar represents a 2% nucleotide sequence divergence.</p

Summary of the pathogens detected in head lice collected from infested individuals in two rural villages in Mali, 2013.

<p>Summary of the pathogens detected in head lice collected from infested individuals in two rural villages in Mali, 2013.</p

Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of <i>Ehrlichia</i> spp. identified in the present study compared to other <i>Ehrlichia</i> bacteria available on GenBank.

<p>The <i>groEl</i> sequences were aligned using CLUSTALW, and phylogenetic inferences was conducted in MEGA 6 using the maximum likelihood method based on the Kimura 3-parameter model for nucleotide sequences. The GenBank accession numbers are indicated at the end. Statistical support for the internal branches of the trees was evaluated by bootstrapping with 1,000 iterations. The codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. There was a total of 570 positions in the final dataset. The scale bar represents a 5% nucleotide sequence divergence.</p