Growth of scale for juvenile chinook salmon in the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka)

Scale structure is investigated for juvenile chinook salmon caught in the lower part of the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka) in 2007-2013. Sclerites are formed in late May - late September for underyearlings (on average 9.34 days for a scleritis) and in late May - middle July for the fish of age 1+ (on average 12.76 days for a scleritis). After wintering, the scale seasonal growth resumes and an annual ring is formed usually on May 15-20

Growth of scale for juvenile coho salmon in the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka)

Structure of scale is investigated for juvenile coho salmon. The samples were collected in the lower part of the Bolshaya River (West Kamchatka) in 2007-2012. The first scleritis bounding the central plate of scale is formed when body length of coho underyearlings achieves 38 mm, on average. In the investigated area, seasonal growth of scale starts and formation of next annuli of juvenile coho scale happens usually in the third 10-days of May: in the beginning of this period for one-year-old fish and in its end for two-years-old fish. The seasonal growth becomes slower again with water cooling in the last half of September, until its complete stagnation in October. Each scleritis forms in similar time, independently on age of juveniles: in 11.3 days for the underyearlings (data for in June-September), 10.1 days for one-year-old fish (data for June-September), and 11.2 days for two-years-old fish (data for in June-July). Additional zones of dense sclerites could form on the scale of juvenile coho within the growth season

Mechanistic Study of Direct Arylation of Indole Using Differential Selectivity Measurements: Shedding Light on the Active Species and Revealing the Key Role of Electrophilic Substitution in the Catalytic Cycle

Differential selectivity of the direct arylation of indole with aryl halides under competing and noncompeting conditions with a varying set of reaction parameters was determined using phase trajectories. The results described herein allow for conclusions to be drawn regarding the character of active complexes (cationic, neutral, or anionic) as well as realization of the indole electrophilic substitution in the catalytic cycle using the ligand-free catalytic system