Study of Vertical Dense Jet Dilution in a Marine Environment

Brine is a byproduct of many industrial and mining processes, including desalination. Brine is commonly conveyed in long pipe lines and disposed in the bottom of the sea through multiport diffusers, forming dense jets, also known as fountains. An acceptable level of brine concentration is required to be achieved at the boundary of a regulatory mixing zone surrounding a point of discharge. Such mixing zones are allocated with the objective of limiting environmental deterioration within their boundaries. Mixing zones are, nevertheless, not allowed when discharging brine in sensitive areas and when brine is toxic. The main contribution of this study is the introduction of the concept of minimum return point dilution, to regulate brine at the point of discharge, as an alternative to the mixing zone approach, which has well recognized limitations. This study examined experimentally the dilution and development of turbulent negatively-buoyant upward and downward fountains. The study included low and high densimetric Froude number investigations of fountains in stagnant surroundings, and for linear water equation of state conditions. The dilution and spread of fountains were measured with fast responding thermocouples. Downward thermal fountains were found dynamically similar to upward dense fountains. The mean and maximum vertical jet penetrations obtained using temperature data were consistent with previous studies based on visual data. The minimum return point dilution of vertical fountains was found by analyzing the temperature data to be always located just outside the edge of the nozzle. The proposed minimum return dilution equations are providing simple modeling tools to design vertical fountains to comply with any required regulatory dilution at the source. This study also recognized the advantage of using vertical fountains, as opposed to inclined fountains. This is to take advantage of variable sea currents occurring in any direction. Furthermore, the study revealed that relative density difference, on a broader range applicable to the desalination industry, reduces noticeably dilution and height of fountains. Finally, a theoretical two-coefficient entrainment model of fountains was formulated based on mass, momentum, and buoyancy conservation principles, and the sensitivity of model predictions to the calibrated values of entrainment coefficients are discussed

Analysis of Agricultural Extension Services in the Development of Agriculture in District Naseerabad, Balochistan

The study examined agricultural extension services and constraints in the services faced by the farmers of the study area. The farmers indicated the weak information delivery system with less support of demonstration/visualization as weakness to the present technology transfer system. Majority of farmers received less than one visit per month by field assistant A vast majority of farmers indicated lack of money, high price of inputs referring to the price of fertilizer, seed and pesticide, and adulterated/outdated/expired inputs and non-availability of inputs as major problems faced by them while adopting new technology. Insect pest and diseases, shortage of canal irrigation were the main problems

DESIGN OF AN ANTI-JERK CONTROLLER FOR BOTH LOCKED AND SLIPPING TORQUE CONVERTER CONDITIONS IN A VEHICLE

With the advancement in the automotive technologies, the customer scrutiny on the ride comfort of automobiles has come to light. Vehicle drivability is one of the important aspects that defines the ride comfort for a vehicle. Drivability of a vehicle is a qualitative measure and may differ from person to person, however, researches have come up to highlight a few parameters that can categorize the drivability performance of a vehicle into good or bad for a majority of the targeted audience. One of those parameters include shuffle, which is defined as the longitudinal oscillations that occurs in the drivetrain when a sudden demand for torque rise or drop is made. Another such parameter is the sluggishness in the delivery of torque at wheels against the requested torque by the driver. This can exist due to the shift in the dynamics during the drivetrain operation from locked torque converter clutch to slipping torque converter clutch. This work addresses both the drivability related issues, namely, shuffle and torque lag mentioned in the preceding para. Initially, the shuffle oscillations generated in a vehicle are analyzed when subjected to a sudden positive to positive driver torque tip-in request. Further, a pre-compensator and feedback controller based control scheme is designed to damp those shuffle oscillations while keeping the torque delivery response fast. This control approach shapes the actuator torque (i.e., an engine or an e-motor) in such a way that the desired response is achieved. Next, the problem of sluggish torque response at wheels due to slipping of the torque converter clutch is addressed. Initially, a model-based feedforward and feedback controller is developed to control the actuator torque such that when the torque converter slips, an extra compensatory torque from the actuator is applied. This compensation torque ensures that the torque response at the turbine and succeeding driveline components up till the wheels is maintained as desired. However, the actuator has some physical limitations in terms of the maximum magnitude and rate of the torque delivery. So, at some instances, the torque request generated by the controller may not be feasible for the actuator to follow. This problem is addressed when another controller, based on model predictive control approach, is proposed. This controller is based on the approach that continuously updates the controller of the torque delivery of the actuator. The controller solves an optimisation problem over the defined constraints of the actuator and plant, and further finds the most feasible response for the actuator to follow within its defined operating range. Later, A comparison between the two controllers showed model predictive controller to be 15.3% better in terms of the propeller shaft torque response than the feedforward and feedback controller, for the problem under discussion

A model for production scheduling and sequencing using constraints management and genetic algorithm

Production planning and control (PP&C) are among the most critical activities in manufacturing. Proper use of PP&C methods can give organizations a competitive advantage in the global economy. The expected results of this research will allow manufacturing organizations to maximize the effectiveness of PP&C methods, thereby improving their competitive position in the global economy. This research was an extension of a previous unpublished study, which investigated the PP&C methods being used at a midwestern manufacturer of agricultural equipment (MMAE). The current research study identified the constraints inherent in the production planning and control system and then developed and validated a master production scheduling and sequencing optimization model based on constraints management and utilizing genetic algorithms. The specific objectives of this research were as follows: (a) identify the system\u27s constraint, (b) develop a scheduling and sequencing model to address the identified constraints, (c) develop and validate the proposed model by simulation, and (d) identify and document improvements attributed to the operational change resulting from the implementation of the optimization model. The research examined the impact of the master production scheduling and sequencing model based on constraints management and utilizing genetic algorithms on five variables for the final assembly line and four downstream processes at an engine manufacturing plant of a MMAE. The variables were cycle time, queue size, utilization of work centers, flow rate of engines, and total output of engines. A two-part model, based on constraints management philosophy of production planning and control methods, was developed by the researcher in Excel, one part for scheduling and the other for sequencing. Using data from 100 production days during the fall of 1999 and the spring of 2000, simulations for the current scheduling and sequencing method (the control condition) and for the proposed method (the experimental condition) were compared. Output from the simulations for the experimental and control conditions was statistically analyzed. The results of this research indicated (a) cycle time for the experimental condition was reduced, but the reduction was not statistically significant; (b) queue size for the experimental condition was also reduced, as expected, but once again, the reduction was not statistically significant; (c) total utilization of work centers was increased, as expected, and the increase was statistically significant; (d) the experimental condition\u27s simulation results indicated very minimal improvements for the even flow of engines; and (e) the average total number of engines processed for the experimental condition was increased, as expected, and the increase was statistically significant

Enteral nutrition feeding strategies and their impact on relapse rate and quality of life in paediatric Crohn’s disease

MDAims: To study induction of remission and reduction in relapse rate of childhood Crohn’s disease with quality of life (QOL) assessment in subjects on long term continuous oral supplementation with ACD004. Methods: This study was performed in two phases. In Phase A, ACD004 was used to assess effectiveness based on proportion of full remission at 8 weeks. Children then reintroduced food over a 4 week phase reducing their ACD004 intake to 30% RDA, subsequently enrolling into randomised controlled part of the trial (Phase B), to assess reduction in relapse rate whilst receiving continuous oral ACD004 supplementation compared to no supplementation. Secondary objectives of this study were to examine QOL, safety, tolerance and growth. Results: 42 children were enrolled in Phase A with 78.6% (n=33) achieving remission with a significant improvement in endoscopic, histologic and QOL scores. One child developed refeeding syndrome. A further 8 children relapsed during the food reintroduction phase and 25 children were enrolled in the Phase B RCT. 12 were randomised to remain supplemented and 13 had no supplementation. Only 1/3rd of the calculated study power (n=72) was met due to collapse of trial following withdrawal of funding. 8/12 in the supplemented and 10/13 in the non-supplemented group relapsed by first year. At 2 years, 4/12 in the supplemented and 2/13 in the non-supplemented group were in remission. Deterioration in IBD and systemic QOL 7 symptoms related to disease were seen; however there was no change in emotional and social functioning. Conculsions: ACD004 is an effective remission inducing agent, which also improves QOL despite significantly limiting children’s diet. Due to early collapse of trial, its role as a supplement remains uncertain; no benefit seen with limited trial recruitment. In the long-term, emotional and social domains in QOL remain unaltered, despite relapse which may be due to disease acceptance

Voices from the Frontlines: A Comparative Study of North-eastern Insurgency in India and Bangladesh’s War of Independence (1971)

The North-eastern insurgency in India and the Bangladesh war of Independence (1971), which resulted in the separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan, are considered two of the most devastating occurrences in South Asia, causing countless fatalities and incalculable losses in property. Since India’s independence in 1947, the North-east region has been plagued by a proliferation of separatist conflicts and violent uprisings. Although the motives and objectives behind these movements have evolved over time, the pursuit of a unified homeland has consistently remained a ubiquitous motif unifying them. Similarly, a series of egregious and prejudicial practices inflicted by West Pakistan on East Pakistan catalysed the latter’s aspiration for autonomy, culminating in a tumultuous struggle against its authoritarian rule. However, what remains unaddressed in these overarching narratives are the perspectives of those who lived or who live through the conflict: families, rebels, and marginalized groups such as women and children. A deeper understanding of war and insurgency can only be achieved by examining these voices, which are often ignored by the mainstream media. Therefore, this paper aims to critically analyze two literary works that provide perspectives from all crucial stakeholder groups, exploring themes of conflict, autonomy, accountability, and sacrifice. By examining familial bonds, affection, obligation, cultural hegemony, ethnicity, and the integrity of both the rebels and the oppressors, this study seeks to conduct a comparative analysis of these texts, building upon the premise that they offer unique insights into the complex nature of these events.&nbsp

Instituting an undergraduate core clerkship in radiology: initial experiences in Pakistan

Utilization of radiology as an educational resource carries great potential. Accreditation bodies, physicians and medical students deem it important for a well rounded medical curriculum. Unfortunately this resource is yet to be developed and implemented to an optimal extent. We share the experiences from the first radiology core clerkship in Pakistan at the undergraduate level. An overview of clerkship objectives and structure is followed by discussion on lessons learnt during the initial three years of institution. Development of assessable objectives, integration of radiology with other specialties, and supervised andragogical learning tailored for undergraduate students are emphasized

Scholarly study of primary schools of Pakistan: a case of Rajanpur district

The fundamental subject of the education is the serious investigation of primary schools of Tehsil Jampur (Pakistan). The study constructed on most important and less important bases. Principal information collected from blood relation, colonels, educators and scholars over opinion, survey, and consultation implements however subordinate statistics by go through collected works. A model of 200 scholars, 100 educators, 100 parentages and 30 colonels are a selection of by implementing stratified accidental sample enterprise. Qualitative and measurable skills used for the exploration of information. It is initiate that mainstream of the Supervision primary schools do not have suitable school structure and other elementary accommodations. Program of education is not absolute presented and employed in such departments. There is silent an argument on moderate of lessons between investors. The waster percentage is swelling therefore future and investigation is quite a challenge. The performance of educators and scholars remains improper. Parentages do not demonstration any attentiveness in the matters of institutes. Moreover, colonel seldom duty call and administer Control region primary schools. Going on origin of the conclusions, the object is round off with endorsements given at the end of paper

Constraint-based Query Distribution Framework for an Integrated Global Schema

Distributed heterogeneous data sources need to be queried uniformly using global schema. Query on global schema is reformulated so that it can be executed on local data sources. Constraints in global schema and mappings are used for source selection, query optimization,and querying partitioned and replicated data sources. The provided system is all XML-based which poses query in XML form, transforms, and integrates local results in an XML document. Contributions include the use of constraints in our existing global schema which help in source selection and query optimization, and a global query distribution framework for querying distributed heterogeneous data sources.Comment: The Proceedings of the 13th INMIC 2009), Dec. 14-15, 2009, Islamabad, Pakistan. Pages 1 - 6 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-4872-2 INSPEC Accession Number: 11072575 Date of Current Version : 15 January 201