Trichoderma virens mitigates the root-knot disease progression in the chickpea plant

This study was planned to investigate the efficacy of various concentrations of Trichoderma virens against Meloidogyne incognita in vitro. The five concentrations viz., S, S/2, S/ 10, S/25, S/50 were prepared and planned for in vitro study to test the potential of T. virens against hatching and mortality of second-staged juveniles of M. incognita. It was observed a reduction in second-staged juveniles hatching within all tested aqueous concentrations of T. virens. The second-stage juvenile mortality was also recorded in the above-given concentrations of T. virens. The maximum decrease in second-stage juveniles hatching was found in standard aqueous fungal concentration (S). Moreover, in the same T. virens concentration (S), mortality of juveniles was also recorded as highest, and was followed by S/2, S/10, S/25 and S/50. Additionally, the application of T. virens as an individual, simultaneous, and sequential order with M. incognita was also investigated in pot-grown chickpea plants and found that its use was significantly effective in suppressing root-galling disease and improved the plants\u27 growth and physiological attributes. According to the correlation coefficient analysis, the root-knot index correlated significantly with the per cent reduction of the plants\u27 growth and physiological attributes

ZnO Nano-swirlings for Azo Dye AR183 photocatalytic degradation and antimycotic activity

The sol-gel technique was used to fabricate ZnO Nano-swirlings (ZNsw) at a predetermined agitation rate (of \u3e\u3e 1900 rpm), with around 21.94 gm of zinc acetate dihydrate and 0.2 g cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) and a cationic surfactant (drop-wise). The impact of the predetermined agitation condition on the molecular size and morphology of ZNsw is examined, and the outcomes are dissected by useful characterization tools and techniques viz. XRD, SEM embedded with EDS, TEM, FT-IR and UV–visible. The SEM and TEM results suggest that the product formed into a big cluster of adequate ZNsw, containing a significant quantity of folded long thread-lengths. Each group indicated a fair amount of the volume of these lengths. The photocatalytic process of ZNsw was carried out as a result of the irradiation time due to the deterioration of Azo Dye AR183, resulting in approximately 79 percent dye discoloration following an 80-min UV light irradiation in the presence of ZNsw. Additionally, the synthesized ZNsw was tested for antagonistic activity, and the growth hindrance of two plant pathogenic fungal strains found. Per cent inhibition in growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria alternata were observed in response to ZNsw

A Seinhorst Model Determined the Host-Parasite Relationships of Meloidogyne javanica Infecting Fenugreek cv. UM202

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) have been shown to be challenging and persistent pests of economic crops worldwide. Among RKNs, Meloidogyne javanica is particularly important, as it rapidly spreads and has a diverse host range. Measuring its damaging threshold level will help us to develop management strategies for adequate plant protection against nematodes. In our study, we observed the relationship between a linear series of 12 initial population densities (Pi) of M. javanica, i.e., 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 second-staged juveniles (J2s) g-1 soil, and fenugreek cv. UM202 growth parameters were investigated using a Seinhorst model. A Seinhorst model was fitted to shoot length and dry weight data for fenugreek plants. A positive correlation was found between J2s inoculum levels and percent reductions in growth parameters. The 1.3 J2s of M. javanica g-1 soil were found to damage threshold levels with respect to shoot length and shoot dry weight of fenugreek plants. The minimum relative values (m) for shoot length and shoot dry weight were 0.15 and 0.17, respectively, at Pi =128 J2s g-1 soil. The maximum nematode reproduction rate (Pf /Pi) was 31.6 at an initial population density (Pi) of 2 J2s g-1 soil

Metabolic responses of plants to Meloidogyne species parasitism: A review on molecular events and functions

The sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne species, induce the formation of permanent feeding structures in the roots and alter the morpho-physiological and molecular events during parasitism. Several parasitism genes have been identified, indicating that effector proteins are important players in plant nematode interactions. During the interaction, many molecular events occur in host plants, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) by which they suppress parasitism genes of nematodes. Plant-nematode interactions are complex and dynamic events that reflect the activation and suppression of expressed genes encoding various defence-related proteins, hormones, and enzymes. The omic studies such as metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics helped us learn more about how nematodes and their hosts work together. This review highlights the metabolic response of host plants during root-knot nematode interaction. In addition, we review the role of effector protein in host parasitism and defence-related pathways and highlight the transcriptional analysis of differentially expressed genes that remain and play key roles against nematode parasitism. We also gathered information on how these knowledge gaps could be addressed and correlated their potential impact and application in the parasitism of the Meloidogyne species

Use of weed plants against Meloidogyne incognita in spinach involves reduction of gall disease from roots

In the present study, weed plants viz., Calotropis procera, Ricinus communis, Lantana camara, Achyranthes aspera, Wedelia chinensis, and Colocasia esculenta were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita affecting spinach. For in vitro egg masses hatching experiment, four different concentrations of aqueous extracts of weed leaves, i.e. 100%, 50%, 10%, and 1%, were analyzed. All the extracts showed varied but significant results over control (Distilled water). Furthermore, C. procera and R. communis treatment significantly inhibited J2s hatching (100% inhibition) at the 4th and 7th days of incubation in 100% concentration, while C. esculenta inhibited the least. In pot study, it was also found that the pots treated with 50 and 100 g dry leaf powder of C. procera has efficiently suppressed the root-knot disease in spinach and significantly increased growth in terms of length, fresh and dry weights, number of leaves and biochemical parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoid content and nitrate reductase activity followed by A. aspera, L. camara, R. communis, W. chinensis while C. esculenta showed the least effect amongst the treatments. Thus, the results provide considerable data for the use of weed plants to manage the root-gall disease in spinach

Supplementing Pochonia chlamydosporia with botanicals for management of Meloidogyne incognita infesting chickpea

Root-knot nematodes pose a severe threat to worldwide agricultural development. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, eco-friendly control strategies against root-knot nematodes need to be established. A pot and in vitro experiment were performed to estimate nematicidal potential of Pochonia chlamydosporia. P. chlamydosporia was used alone or in combination with two botanicals for controlling Meloidogyne incognita in chickpea. The laboratory assessment was performed with four prepared concentrations (S, S/2, S/10, S/25) of fungal inoculum of P. chlamydosporia against egg hatching and second-stage juvenile\u27s mortality of M. incognita. All four concentrations reduced egg hatching and increased mortality of J2s. In pot experiment, P. chlamydosporia was used with chopped leaves of two botanicals viz., Ageratum conyzoides and Eichhornia crassipes against M. incognita in chickpea. All the treatments found significantly suppressed root infestation caused by M. incognita and improved growth and physiological attributes of chickpea. The combined application of P. chlamydosporia + A. conyzoides was found highly effective, and E. crassipes alone was least. Therefore, using P. chlamydosporia with botanicals is a promising sustainable strategy in agriculture against M. incognita infected chickpea

Assessment of nematicidal efficacy of chitosan in combination with botanicals against Meloidogyne incognita on carrot

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) is one of most damaging pathogen of vegetables, including carrot (Daucus carota L.). We evaluated nematicidal potential of chitosan in combination with chopped leaves of Argemone mexicana L., Achyranthes aspera L., and Ricinus communis L. against infestation caused by M. incognita on carrot under both in vitro and in vivo. Infectious stage (J2s) and egg masses of M. incognita were exposed to different concentrations (2500, 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 ppm) of chitosan and botanical extracts separately. Maximum mortality of J2s and the highest inhibition in egg hatching was observed at 2500 ppm of chitosan after 36 h and days incubation period, respectively and minimum found in 500 ppm of A. aspera after 12 h of incubation period. Furthermore, pots treated with 1 g chitosan and 30 g of freshly chopped leaves of all three tested botanicals significantly reduced pathological parameters and improved growth and photosynthetic attributes of carrot. In combination with botanicals, chitosan showed a synergistic effect against M. incognita on carrot as compared to chitosan alone. This study proves that chitosan's bio-efficacy, combined with selected three botanicals, could be utilised to manage M. incognita on the carrot as a potential sustainable treatment