A classroom based research project incorporating english for special purposes (esp) methodology preparong japanese students for homestay in Australia

English for Special Purposes (ESP) lesson materials were created for Japanese high school students going on homestay to Cairns, Australia. The lessons were designed specifically for situations that the students would encounter with their homestay families and at the school they would attend regularly during their stay. After teaching the lessons, and after the subsequent homestay, students were interviewed and asked about the effectiveness of the materials. Most said that they and enjoyed the way the materials had been taught and had found them useful while they had been abroad. There was an increase in motivation and a general improvement in the attitude towards English study after the project was complete

A CLASSROOM BASED RESEARCH PROJECT INCORPORATING ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES (ESP) METHODOLOGY PREPARONG JAPANESE STUDENTS FOR HOMESTAY IN AUSTRALIA

English for Special Purposes (ESP) lesson materials were created for Japanese high school students going on homestay to Cairns, Australia. The lessons were designed specifically for situations that the students would encounter with their homestay families and at the school they would attend regularly during their stay. After teaching the lessons, and after the subsequent homestay, students were interviewed and asked about the effectiveness of the materials. Most said that they and enjoyed the way the materials had been taught and had found them useful while they had been abroad. There was an increase in motivation and a general improvement in the attitude towards English study after the project was complet

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A TEST AND ITS PROCEDURE CONDUCTED AT A JAPANESE HIGH SCHOOL

This paper analyses the validity and reliability of an English listening test being used at a private Japanese high school. Through an analysis of the test results,an attempt was made to make salient the qualities and deficiencies of the test and its procedure.The test\u27s reliability was analysed using a split-half method measuring the coefficient of internal consistency. The split-test\u27s coefficient results suggested that there was a certain amount of unreliability between the two halves of the test. Although the reliability was below an acceptable level,calculations using the Spearman-Brown formula suggested the possibility of higher coefficiency. Regarding construct, content, criterion-related,and face validity the test appeared valid

Translating environments

Far from being inert materials activated by human ingenuity, natural resources come to be made and unmade through ongoing processes of translation, through which they acquire new potentialities and meanings. In this introduction, we review the key concept of translation for anthropology and explore some of its multiple analytical possibilities in the context of human-environment relations. Based on insights offered by the articles in this collection, we propose a twofold definition of environments as both translating subjects and objects of translation. In grounding our analytical definition, we focus on the enactment of material transformations (as the result of both relations of mutual determination with humans and processes of objectification of the environment), the implications of incommensurability and erasure in processes of (attempted) translation, and the indeterminacy that accompanies (re)configurations of materials, relations and values

Sleep Enforces the Temporal Order in Memory

BACKGROUND: Temporal sequence represents the main principle underlying episodic memory. The storage of temporal sequence information is thought to involve hippocampus-dependent memory systems, preserving temporal structure possibly via chaining of sequence elements in heteroassociative networks. Converging evidence indicates that sleep enhances the consolidation of recently acquired representations in the hippocampus-dependent declarative memory system. Yet, it is unknown if this consolidation process comprises strengthening of the temporal sequence structure of the representation as well, or is restricted to sequence elements independent of their temporal order. To address this issue we tested the influence of sleep on the strength of forward and backward associations in word-triplets. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Subjects learned a list of 32 triplets of unrelated words, presented successively (A-B-C) in the center of a screen, and either slept normally or stayed awake in the subsequent night. After two days, retrieval was assessed for the triplets sequentially either in a forward direction (cueing with A and B and asking for B and C, respectively) or in a backward direction (cueing with C and B and asking for B and A, respectively). Memory was better for forward than backward associations (p<0.01). Sleep did not affect backward associations, but enhanced forward associations, specifically for the first (AB) transitions (p<0.01), which were generally more difficult to retrieve than the second transitions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data demonstrate that consolidation during sleep strengthens the original temporal sequence structure in memory, presumably as a result of a replay of new representations during sleep in forward direction. Our finding suggests that the temporally directed replay of memory during sleep, apart from strengthening those traces, could be the key mechanism that explains how temporal order is integrated and maintained in the trace of an episodic memory

Finding the engram.

Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we develop four defining criteria that enable us to critically assess the recent progress that has been made towards finding the engram. Recent \u27capture\u27 studies use novel approaches to tag populations of neurons that are active during memory encoding, thereby allowing these engram-associated neurons to be manipulated at later times. We propose that findings from these capture studies represent considerable progress in allowing us to observe, erase and express the engram