Transmit array as a viable 3D printing option for backhaul applications at V-band

Two designs of high gain dielectric lens for a Vband backhaul antenna, compatible with 3D printing, are compared. The available printing materials still have significant losses, which limit the performance of traditional focusing dielectric lenses, as the dome elliptical lens. Herein, we show that an all-dielectric transmit array can present several mechanical and electrical advantages, especially when high gains are required. We demonstrate that even with a compact transmit array (f/d = 067 it is still possible to comply with the usual bandwidth (57-66 GHz) and gain (>30 dBi) requirements for backhaul applications.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Transmit-array antenna design for broadband backhaul 5G communications at WiGiG band

A cost-effective transmit-array (TA) antenna design framework is presented and experimentally validated for a 5G backhaul application at the WiGiG band. The antenna is composed of a discrete dielectric lens (DDL) fed by a horn, specifically designed for this application. Both the TA and feed are fabricated using additive manufacturing. Metal coating and Fuse Deposition Modeling are employed for the horn and TA fabrication, respectively. Simple design rules are devised to quantify the bandwidth of this type of antennas as function of the aperture dimension and focal distance . Based on this framework a compact TA antenna ( ⁄=.) than can comply with typical specifications for 5G backhaul links at WiGiG band (minimum gain of 30 dBi from 57 to 66 GHz) is designed.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

3D-Printed transmit-array antenna for broadband backhaul 5G links at V band

The low cost and compactness of transmit-array antennas (TAs) make them attractive for 5G backhaul links. However, the TA advantage is less obvious when considering the broadband operation requirement. Two main factors influence the bandwidth performance, namely: 1) the bandwidth of the unit cells, and 2) the number of 360° phase wrapping zones in the aperture, which are designed for a specific frequency. Herein, we overcome these limitations by using all-dielectric unit cells (inherently broadband) and by developing a general method to quantify and manage the intricate relation between antenna gain, bandwidth, and antenna height. Based on this framework we optimize, as an example, a TA design (focal distance, F=63 mm and aperture diameter D=80 mm ) to comply with typical gain specification for 5G backhaul links (>30 dBi) in the WiGiG band (from 57 to 66 GHz). The feed is a dedicated compact horn (8 ×5×22 mm3) that provides a proper illumination of the aperture. Additive manufacturing is used to simplify the manufacturing process of the antenna. A very good agreement between simulations and experimental results is obtained, achieving good aperture efficiency for this type of antenna (42%), which rivals with existing solutions based on more expensive manufacturing techniques.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Mise en évidence de la force à trois corps dans la réaction d + p → p + p + n près du seuil de cassure

The deuteron break-up reaction has been studied at Ed = 7.4 MeV incident energy at θp1 = —θp2 = 12.5° and 13.5°, with a thin polyethylene target detecting p-p correlations. Calculations based on two-body forces : i) Faddeev equations with Coulomb corrections and ii) a strong approximation of the Møller operator including Coulomb field exactly, do not reproduce enhancements near the regions near equal proton energies. The inclusion of the component of the two-pion exchange three body forces fit better the data with a relevant contribution for both types of calculation.La réaction de cassure du deuton a été étudiée à une énergie incidente Ed = 7,4 MeV, avec une cible de polyéthylène, en détectant les protons aux angles de corrélation θp1 = — θ p2 = 12,5° et 13,5°. Les calculs basés sur les forces à deux corps : i) les équations de Faddeev avec corrections coulombiennes et ii) l'approximation forte de l'opérateur Møller incluant le champ coulombien, ne produisent pas un maximum relatif pour les régions d'énergies égales. L'inclusion de la force à trois corps, provenant de l'échange de deux pions, conduit à un meilleur accord avec une contribution importante pour les deux types de calcul

Validation of Interventional Fiber Optic Spectroscopy With MR Spectroscopy, MAS-NMR Spectroscopy, High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, and Histopathology for Accurate Hepatic Fat Quantification

Objectives: To validate near-infrared (NIR)-based optical spectroscopy measurements of hepatic fat content using a minimally invasive needle-like probe with integrated optical fibers, enabling real-time feedback during percutaneous interventions. The results were compared with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as validation and with histopathology, being the clinical gold standard. Additionally, ex vivo magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-performance thin-layer chromatography were performed for comparison. Materials and Methods: Ten mice were used for the study, of which half received a regular chow diet and the other half received a high-fat diet to induce obesity and hepatosteatosis. The mice were imaged with a clinical 3-Tesla MR to select a region of interest within the right and left lobes of the liver, where MRS measurements were acquired in vivo. Subsequently, optical spectra were measured ex vivo at the surface of the liver at 6 different positions immediately after resection. Additionally Results: For both the mice groups, the estimated fat fractions by the various techniques were significantly similar (P = 0.072 and 0.627 for chow diet and high-fat diet group, respectively). The Pearson correlation value between NIR and the other techniques for fat determination showed the same strong linear correlation (P above 0.990; P < 0.001), whereas for histopathologic analyses, which is a rather qualitative measure, the Pearson correlation value was slightly lower (P = 0.925, P < 0.001). Conclusions: NIR spectroscopy measurements from a needle-like probe with integrated optical fibers for sensing at the tip of the needle can quickly and accurately determine hepatic fat content during an interventional procedure and might therefore be a promising novel diagnosing tool in the clinic

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: a new guidance tool for improvement of biopsy procedures in lung malignancies

Background:\ud A significant number of percutaneous intrathoracic biopsy procedures result in indeterminate cytologic or histologic diagnosis in clinical practice. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is an optical technique that can distinguish different tissue types on a microscopic level. DRS may improve needle localization accuracy during biopsy procedures. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of DRS to enhance diagnosis of malignant disease in human lung tissue.\ud \ud Methods:\ud Ex vivo analysis with a DRS system was performed on lung tissue from 10 patients after pulmonary resection for malignant disease. Tissue spectra measured from 500 to 1600 nm were analyzed using 2 analysis methods; a model-based analysis that derives clinical and optical properties from the measurements and a partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) that classifies measured spectra with respect to the histologic nature of the measured tissue.\ud \ud Results:\ud Sensitivity and specificity for discrimination of tumor from normal lung tissue were 89% and 79%, respectively, based on the model-based analysis. Overall accuracy was 84%. The PLS-DA analysis yielded a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 86%, and an overall accuracy of 81%.\ud \ud Conclusions:\ud The presented results demonstrate that DRS has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy in minimally invasive biopsy procedures in the lungs in combination with conventional imaging techniques

Optical sensing for tumor detection in the liver

Background:\ud There is an increasing trend for optical guidance techniques in surgery. Optical imaging using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) can distinguish different tissue types through a specific “optical fingerprint”. We investigated whether DRS could discriminate metastatic tumor tissue from normal liver tissue and thus if this technique would have potential for further implementation into surgical instruments or radiological intervention tools.\ud \ud Methods:\ud A miniaturized optical needle was developed able to collect DRS spectra between 500 and 1600 nm. Liver specimen of 24 patients operated for colorectal liver metastases were analyzed with DRS immediately after resection. Multiple measurements were performed and DRS results were compared to the histology analysis of the measurement locations. In addition, normal liver tissue was scored for the presence or absence of steatosis.\ud \ud Results:\ud A total of 780 out of the 828 optical measurements were correctly classified into either normal or tumor tissue. The resulting sensitivity and specificity were both 94%. The results of the analysis for each patient individually showed an accuracy of 100%. The Spearman's rank correlation of DRS-estimated percentages of hepatic steatosis in liver tissue compared to that of the pathologist was 0.86.\ud \ud Conclusions:\ud DRS demonstrates a high accuracy in discriminating normal liver tissue from colorectal liver metastases. DRS can also predict the degree of hepatic steatosis with high accuracy. The technique, here demonstrated in a needle like probe, may as such be incorporated into surgical tools for optical guided surgery or percutaneous needles for radiological interventions