Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms among Korean Adolescents: JS High School Study

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Increasing evidence suggests that secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) may affect not only physical health, but also mental health. Therefore, we evaluated the association between SHSE and depressive symptoms among Korean adolescents.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The JS High School Study enrolled 1071 high school freshmen from a rural community of South Korea. The current analysis was limited to 989 adolescents (495 male and 494 female adolescents), after excluding 48 ever-smokers, 3 students with physician-diagnosed depression, and 31 students who did not complete the depression questionnaire. SHSE was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and was classified into three groups: none, occasional exposure, and regular exposure. Depressive symptoms were assessed according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, ranging from 0 to 63, and the presence of depressive symptoms was defined as a BDI score ≥10.</p><p>Results</p><p>Overall, adolescents with SHSE were more likely to have depressive symptoms than those without SHSE (p = 0.042).In a sex-specific analysis treating the BDI score as a continuous variable, regular SHSE was independently associated with higher BDI scores in male adolescents (β = 2.25, p = 0.026), but not in female adolescents (β = 1.11, p = 0.253). Compared to no SHSE, the odds ratio for having depressive symptoms among male adolescents with regular SHSE was 2.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 4.25) after adjusting for age, body mass index, and study year, and 3.65 (95% confidence interval, 1.52 to 8.73) after adjusting for age, body mass index, study year, exercise, and household income.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Regular exposure to secondhand smoke was associated with having depressive symptoms among Korean male adolescents.</p></div

Sex-specific association between SHSE and BDI score.

<p>Sex-specific association between SHSE and BDI score.</p

Characteristics according to depressive symptoms status in 495 male adolescents and 494 female adolescents.

<p>Characteristics according to depressive symptoms status in 495 male adolescents and 494 female adolescents.</p

Characteristics of participants by the status of SHSE.

<p>Characteristics of participants by the status of SHSE.</p

Sex-specific association between SHSE by site of exposure and depression.

<p>Sex-specific association between SHSE by site of exposure and depression.</p

Characteristics of men according to the presence of dry eye.

<p>Characteristics of men according to the presence of dry eye.</p

Association between dry eye and depression in the overall participants and by sex.

<p>Association between dry eye and depression in the overall participants and by sex.</p

Characteristics of women according to the presence of dry eye.

<p>Characteristics of women according to the presence of dry eye.</p

Additional file 1 of Comparison of intraocular lens power calculation formulas in patients with a history of acute primary angle-closure attack

Supplementary Material