Factors affecting the policyholders' satisfaction <of> coldwater fish farmers of Mazandaran Province using agricultural insurance

The goal of this research was considering the reasons of policy holder satisfaction of breeding freshwater fish farms with agriculture insurance in Mazandaran province. The population of this research was the number of 63 freshwater fish breeders in Mazandaran province had assured their farms through Agricultural Insurance Fund during years 88 to 92 and they have utilized questionnaires for field data collection, its validity was approved by experts’ panel and its reliability was approved through utilization of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.85). the variable " Agricultural Insurance Fund has considered on our complain on time" had more sound on satisfaction at the level of %30 followed by the variable " I am satisfied with specification and estimating damage of agricultural insurance" with the level of %28 and" the distance between damage and the time of compensation assessment by Insurance Fund is suitable " in level of %23 and" mangers and personnel attitude of Agricultural Insurance Fund is suitable" in level %20 are effective in measure of satisfaction. Obtained results from the research indicate that the main dissatisfaction of breeders had been about "becoming time-consuming between damage and compensation payment, being unsuitable and defective of specification and estimating compensation process, the way of considering on complain and demand of breeders and the way of managers and personnel of Agricultural Insurance Fund attitude and behavior

On Franklin’s relativistic rotational transformation and its modification

Unlike the Lorentz transformation which replaces the Galilean transformation among inertial frames at high relative velocities, there seems to be no such a consensus in the case of coordinate transformation between inertial frames and uniformly rotating ones. There have been some attempts to generalize the Galilean rotational transformation to high rotational velocities. Here we introduce a modified version of one of these transformations proposed by Philip Franklin in 1922. The modified version is shown to resolve some of the drawbacks of the Franklin transformation, specially with respect to the corresponding spacetime metric in the rotating frame. This new transformation introduces non-inertial eccentric observers on a uniformly rotating disk and the corresponding metric in the rotating frame is shown to be consistent with the one obtained through Galilean rotational transformation for points close to the rotation axis. Employing the threading formulation of spacetime decomposition, spatial distances and time intervals in the spacetime metric of a rotating observer's frame are also discussed.Comment: 30 pages, 2 figures, replaced with the published versio

Development of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for humoral immuneresponse and infection monitoring of anthrax

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗImmune assays were taken into consideration to diagnose and quantify metabolites such as antigen and antibody. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs), which are used to detect antigens and antibodies, generated several periods of infectious and vaccination conditions. There is an extensive range of commercial infectious disease ELISA kits useful for the detection of human and animal IgG, IgA, IgM antibodies and microorganism antigens. Anthrax is one of the serious infectious diseases caused by rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis. Subunit or attenuated vaccines applied against anthrax disease increase the antibody against the Protective Antigen (PA) which has a critical role as a toxin of B. anthracis. Herein, the ELISA was developed using PA domain 4 and anthrax Lethal Factor to detect IgG antibody in serum. Besides, the level of anti-LF antibodies were determined as a complementary test to measure variance in antibody titers associated with vaccination or infection that leads to detection of anthrax in livestock. The results show that we developed high-quality ELISA kit that can be used to test immunogenicity of vaccines and infections in mice. We tried to develop the Anti- PA4 ELISA kit and conduct the validation studies to evaluate the fluctuation level of the antibody in the anthrax vaccine and distinction between disease and vaccination in mice

Gauged motion in general relativity and in Kaluza-Klein theories

In a recent paper [1] a new generalization of the Killing motion, the {\it gauged motion}, has been introduced for stationary spacetimes where it was shown that the physical symmetries of such spacetimes are well described through this new symmetry. In this article after a more detailed study in the stationary case we present the definition of gauged motion for general spacetimes. The definition is based on the gauged Lie derivative induced by a threading family of observers and the relevant reparametrization invariance. We also extend the gauged motion to the case of Kaluza-Klein theories.Comment: 42 pages, revised version, typos correction along with some minor changes, Revtex forma

Quantum gravitational optics: Effective Raychaudhuri equation

Vacuum polarization in QED in a background gravitational field induces interactions which {\it effectively} modify the classical picture of light rays, as the null geodesics of spacetime. These interactions violate the strong equivalence principle and affect the propagation of light leading to superluminal photon velocities. Taking into account the QED vacuum polarization, we study the propagation of a bundle of rays in a background gravitational field. To do so we consider the perturbative deformation of Raychaudhuri equation through the influence of vacuum polarization on photon propagation. We analyze the contribution of the above interactions to the optical scalars namely, shear, vorticity and expansion using the Newman-Penrose formalism.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, RevTex format, Replaced with the published versio

Attenuation of serum laminin concentrations upon treatment of chronic hepatitis

Objectives: The aim of this work was to determine the serum laminin level cutoff point for predicting liver fibrosis highlighting its diagnostic value and determining the effect of treatment on serum laminin concentrations. Methods: Serum laminin concentrations in chronic hepatitis patients (n=62) and controls (n=20) were compared by ELISA and stages of fibrosis were assessed according to the modified Knodell score system. Results: Mean serum laminin concentration in patients (91.9 ± 20.9 ng/ml) was greater than controls (46.2 ± 10.2 ng/ml; p <0.001). Serum concentrations of laminin in all stages of hepatic fibrosis were significantly higher than those of healthy controls (p <0.05). A cutoff point of 52ng laminin/ml of serum was obtained for the discrimination of various stages of liver fibrosis showing a good sensitivity (96.8%) and specificity (80%). After 6 months of treatment, a gradual decrease in serum laminin concentrations were observed, however the level was still higher than that of the healthy group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the serum laminin concentration is a useful noninvasive marker of liver fibrosis and shows a strong positive correlation with different stages of the disease

A Comparison Between Foley and Nelatone Urinary Catheters in Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Animal Models

Background: Urinary catheterization is one of the main measures used to treat and care for hospitalized patients. Several complications have been attributed to the presence of latex with routine Foley catheters. Therefore, some studies have recommended that Nelatone catheters be substituted for the ordinary Foley catheters to prevent these complications. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the rates of urinary tract infection (UTI) in rabbits catheterized either with Foley or with Nelatone catheters. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 rabbits that were randomly assigned to three groups of twenty. The first group was catheterized using Nelatone catheter; the second group was catheterized using Foley catheter and the third group was studied without performing any catheterization. After seven days, urine samples were collected using suprapubic aspiration and were sent to the laboratory for culture. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Moreover, chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for data analysis. Results: At the end of the study, four 4 cases in the Nelatone group and 12 cases in the Foley group presented with UTI (P = 0.01). No positive urine cultures were found in the control group. Conclusions: The Nelatone catheters, compared with the Foley ones, had a lower risk of UTI in the long term use. Verifying this claim by further studies can have an important role in reducing UTIs in patients using urinary catheters

Classical tests of general relativity in the Newtonian limit of Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime

Recently it has been shown that despite previous claims the cosmological constant affects light bending. In the present article we study light bending and the advance of Mercury's perihelion in the context of the Newtonian limit of Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime employing the special relativistic equivalence of mass and energy. In both cases, up to a constant factor, we find the same results as in the full general relativistic treatment of the same phenomena. These approximate and intuitive arguments demonstrate clearly what effects should have been expected from the presence of $\Lambda$ in the general relativistic treatment of these phenomena.Comment: 12 pages, Revtex, 1 figur

Morgan-Morgan-NUT disk space via the Ehlers transformation

Using the Ehlers transformation along with the gravitoelectromagnetic approach to stationary spacetimes we start from the Morgan-Morgan disk spacetime (without radial pressure) as the seed metric and find its corresponding stationary spacetime. As expected from the Ehlers transformation the stationary spacetime obtained suffers from a NUT-type singularity and the new parameter introduced in the stationary case could be interpreted as the gravitomagnetic monopole charge (or the NUT factor). As a consequence of this singularity there are closed timelike curves (CTCs) in the singular region of the spacetime. Some of the properties of this spacetime including its particle velocity distribution, gravitational redshift, stability and energy conditions are discussed.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, RevTex 4, replaced with the published versio