Linear Relationship between Temperature and the Apparent Reaction Rate Constant of Hydroxyl Radical with 4-chlorobenzoic Acid

4-Chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) is frequently used as a hydroxyl radical (HO·) probe substance in studies of ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. However, the temperature dependence of the reaction between HO· and p-CBA remains unclear. In this context, we identified the relationship between temperature ((Formula presented.), K) and the apparent second-order reaction rate constant of HO· with p- CBA (kHO⋅, p−CBA(T) , M⁻¹ s⁻¹): 10¹⁰. They were measured by a novel competitive method using 2-methylpropan-2-ol (tert-butyl alcohol) as a reference substance in the range of 1.0–40.0℃. The linear regression equation was more appropriate than the exponential regression equation to express this relationship. More generally, our simulation shows that the linear regression equation can be more accurate than the exponential regression equation to express the relationship between temperature and apparent reaction rate constants of HO

When to Replan? An Adaptive Replanning Strategy for Autonomous Navigation using Deep Reinforcement Learning

The hierarchy of global and local planners is one of the most commonly utilized system designs in autonomous robot navigation. While the global planner generates a reference path from the current to goal locations based on the pre-built static map, the local planner produces a kinodynamic trajectory to follow the reference path while avoiding perceived obstacles. To account for unforeseen or dynamic obstacles not present on the pre-built map, ``when to replan'' the reference path is critical for the success of safe and efficient navigation. However, determining the ideal timing to execute replanning in such partially unknown environments still remains an open question. In this work, we first conduct an extensive simulation experiment to compare several common replanning strategies and confirm that effective strategies are highly dependent on the environment as well as the global and local planners. Based on this insight, we derive a new adaptive replanning strategy based on deep reinforcement learning, which can learn from experience to decide appropriate replanning timings in the given environment and planning setups. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed replanner can perform on par or even better than the current best-performing strategies in multiple situations regarding navigation robustness and efficiency.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

日本語複合語の形態音韻論

学位の種別:課程博士University of Tokyo(東京大学

組成エンジニアリングによる鉛フリー錫ペロブスカイト太陽電池の高効率化に関する研究

電気通信大学202

Status of treatment-related severe hypoglycemia in Japanese patients with diabetes

Despite great strides in pharmacotherapy for diabetes, there is increasing concern over the risk of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes receiving pharmacotherapy as they become increasingly older. This has prompted the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) to initiate a survey on the current status of severe hypoglycemia in clinical settings. In July 2015, following approval from the JDS Scientific Survey/Research Ethics Committee, the JDS extended an invitation to executive educators, who represented a total of 631 healthcare facilities accredited by the JDS for diabetes education, to participate in the proposed survey. Of these, those who expressed their willingness to participate in the survey were sent an application form required for obtaining ethical approval at these healthcare facilities and were then asked, following approval, to enter relevant clinical data on an unlinked, anonymous basis in a web‐based registry. The current survey was fully funded by the JDS Scientific Survey/Research Committee. A case registry (clinical case database) was launched after facility‐specific information (healthcare facility database) was collected from all participating facilities and after informed consent was obtained from all participating patients. With severe hypoglycemia defined as the “presence of hypoglycemic symptoms requiring assistance from another person to treat and preferably venous plasma glucose levels at onset/diagnosis of disease or at presentation clearly less than 60 mg/dL (capillary whole blood glucose, less than 50 mg/dL)”, the current survey was conducted between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2015, during which facility‐specific information was collected from a total of 193 facilities with a total of 798 case reports collected from 113 facilities. Of the 193 respondent facilities, 149 reported having an emergency department as well, with the median number of patients who required emergency transportation services to reach these facilities totaling 4,962 annually, of which those with severe hypoglycemia accounted for 0.34% (17). The respondent facilities accommodated a total of 2,237 patients with severe hypoglycemia annually, with the number of patients thus accommodated being 6.5 patients per site. A total of 1,171 patients were admitted for severe hypoglycemia, with the number of patients thus admitted being 4.0 per site, who accounted for 52.3% of all patients visiting annually for severe hypoglycemia. A review of the 798 case reports collected during the survey revealed that 240, 480 and 78 patients had type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and other types of diabetes, respectively; those with type 2 diabetes were shown to be significantly older (median [interquartile range], 77.0 [68.0–83.0]) than those with type 1 diabetes (54.0 [41.0–67.0]) (P < 0.001); and the BMI was shown to be significantly higher for those with type 2 diabetes (22.0 [19.5–24.8] kg/m2) than for those with type 1 diabetes (21.3 [18.9–24.0] kg/m2) (P = 0.003). It was also found that the median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly lower among those with type 2 diabetes (50.6 mL [31.8–71.1]/min/1.73 m2) than among those with type 1 diabetes (73.3 [53.5–91.1] mL/min/1.73 m2) (P < 0.001). Again, the median HbA1c value at onset of severe hypoglycemia was shown to be 7.0 (6.3–8.1)% among all patients examined, 7.5 (6.9–8.6)% among those with type 1 diabetes, and 6.8 (6.1–7.6)% among those with type 2 diabetes, with the HbA1c value at onset of hypoglycemia being significantly lower among those with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). Antecedent symptoms of severe hypoglycemia were shown to be present, absent and unknown in 35.5, 35.6, and 28.9% of all patients, respectively, with the incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia being significantly lower among those with type 1 diabetes (41.0%) than among those with type 2 diabetes (56.9%). The antidiabetic agents used in those with type 2 diabetes were insulin preparations (292 patients including 29 receiving concomitant sulfonylureas [SUs]) (60.8%), SUs (159 insulin‐naïve patients) (33.1%), and no insulin preparations or SUs (29 patients) (6.0%). Of the 798 patients surveyed, 296 patients (37.2%) were shown to have required emergency transportation services for severe hypoglycemia before. Thus, the survey revealed, for the first time, the current status of treatment‐related severe hypoglycemia in Japan and clearly highlights the acute need for implementing preventive measures against hypoglycemia not only through education on hypoglycemia but through optimization of antidiabetic therapy for those at high risk of severe hypoglycemia or those with a history of severe hypoglycemia

Triple-negative pleomorphic lobular carcinoma and expression of androgen receptor: Personal case series and review of the literature

Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) is a histological variant of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and is associated with worse prognosis than classical ILC. It exhibits a greater degree of cellular atypia and pleomorphism and is occasionally accompanied with apocrine morphology. We investigated the immunohistochemical characteristics of samples from 31 Japanese patients with PLC to elucidate the clinicopathological characteristics of PLC including androgen receptor (AR) immunoreactivity. The surrogate molecular subtypes were luminal A-like, luminal B-like, luminal B-like/HER2, HER2-type, and triple-negative in 5, 4, 3, 5, and 14 cases, respectively. AR was positive in 92.8% (13/14) of the triple-negative PLC cases and 100% (10/10) of the non-triple-negative PLC cases. Disease-specific survival was worse in patients with histological grade 3 PLCs than in those with histological grade 2 PLCs (p = 0.007). However, there was no significant difference in the progression-free survival between the two groups (p = 0.152). No other clinicopathological characteristics were associated with prognosis. These results reveal that PLC exhibits various surrogate molecular subtypes and that the triple-negative subtype frequently expresses AR. The observed molecular apocrine differentiation implicates that triple-negative PLC can be categorized into the luminal AR subtype. Furthermore, AR-targeted therapy might be useful for patients with triple-negative PLC