NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Pré-tratamento com somatotropina bovina (rbST) na superovulação de doadoras da raça Holandesa Pre-treatment with bovine somatotropin (rbST) in the superovulation of Holstein donors

Estudou-se o efeito da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) sobre o número e qualidade dos embriões de 40 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos: controle (GI, n=15), tratadas com 250mg de rbST (GII, n=11) e tratadas com 500mg de rbST (GIII, n=14) no sexto dia do ciclo estral. No décimo dia após o estro, as doadoras foram submetidas ao tratamento superovulatório com 360mg de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) em doses decrescentes, duas vezes ao dia, com intervalos de 12 horas. Juntamente com a sétima aplicação de FSH foram administrados 0,5mg de cloprostenol (análogo da PGF2alfa) e as doadoras inseminadas artificialmente 12, 20 e 28 horas após o início da manifestação de estro. Os embriões foram coletados, não cirurgicamente, no sétimo dia após a primeira inseminação. A administração de 250 ou 500mg de rbST aumentou (PThe use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) in superovulated Holstein donors to increase the number and quality of the embryos was studied. Forty cows were randomly allotted into three groups: control (n=15), treated with 250mg rbST (n=11) and treated with 500mg rbST (n=14) on the 6th day of the oestrous cycle. On the 10th day after estrus the donors were submitted to a superovulatory treatment with 360mg of FSH in decreasing doses, twice-a-day, with 12 hours interval. Along with the 7th application of FSH, 0.5mg of cloprostenol was injected and the donors were inseminated 12, 20 and 28 hours after the onset of estrus. Embryos were collected non-surgically on the 7th day after the 1st insemination. The use of 250 or 500mg of rbST increased (P<0.05) the percentage of viable embryos, but did not alter the recipient pregnancy rate

Richness, composition and trophic groups of an avian community in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre, Alagoas, Brazil

In northeastern Brazil, the reduction of the natural forest cover to a series of small, isolated fragments has had negative consequences for the local avian fauna, in particular, a loss of the more specialized species, while the populations of some generalists have tended to increase. The present study focuses on the composition and trophic groups of a bird community on a farm in the northeastern Brazilian state of Alagoas. Monthly surveys were conducted between November 2008 and October 2009, based on mist-netting and systematic observations. Overall, 112 species were recorded, of which 76 were associated with the two forest fragments surveyed, while all the others were observed exclusively in the surrounding matrix of pasture and orchards. The bird community presented a predominance of insectivorous species, followed by omnivores. However, specialized trunk-creeping and understory insectivores accounted for only around 15% of the species in this feeding category. The reduced diversity of other guilds and species with more specialized diets, and the complete absence of sensitive species such as large parrots and raptors, reflects the severe fragmentation and degradation of the local forests, which has greatly reduced the availability of dietary resources and breeding sites

Avaliação dos fatores oficiais de correção da produção até o primeiro controle leiteiro em vacas Holandesas Evaluation of correction factors used to estimate milk production from calving to the first monthly control

Para o cálculo oficial do desempenho de vacas Holandesas no Brasil, com base em controles leiteiros mensais, são utilizados os fatores de correção propostos por Everett & Carter (1968) para estimar a produção parcial do parto ao primeiro controle diário de uma dada lactação. A adequacidade destes fatores foi avaliada em 262 lactações oriundas de dois rebanhos que adotavam controle diário da produção de leite por vaca. Os dados foram divididos em classes com base na idade ao parto (CIP): CIP 1 (até 3 anos), CIP 2 (3,1 a 4 anos), CIP 3 (4,1 a 5 anos), CIP 4 (5,1 a 6 anos) e CIP 5 (acima de 6,1 anos) com 104, 56, 44, 18 e 40 lactações, respectivamente. A produção de leite do parto até um dia pré-definido da lactação foi estimada com os fatores oficiais e assumindo que o primeiro controle da produção naquela lactação ocorreu nos dias 6º, 20º, 34º, 48º, 62º ou 75º. Os dados estimados foram comparados aos dados reais calculados com a pesagem diária do leite. Em todas as CIP, os fatores oficiais superestimaram a produção acumulada até o primeiro controle e o erro relativo de superestimação decresceu com o avançar do dia do primeiro controle. A quantidade superestimada de leite no período aumentou com o avançar do dia do primeiro controle e foi 13,9 e 87,1 kg na CIP 1 e 20,6 e 196,3 kg na CIP 2 para os dias 6º e 75º, respectivamente. As CIPs 3, 4 e 5 apresentaram valores intermediários. Novos fatores para dias do primeiro controle variando de 6 a 75 e nas 5 CIPs foram gerados pela mesma metodologia descrita por Everett & Carter (1968). Os fatores gerados foram menores que os importados e rotineiramente utilizados para cálculo oficial de lactações no Brasil.<br>Official Holstein cow performance data in Brazil, based on monthly milk weights, is calculated using the correction factors proposed by Everett & Carter (1968) to estimate the partial production from calving to the first daily control in a given lactation. The adequacy of these factors was evaluated using 262 lactations from two herds with daily control of milk production per cow. Data were divided into classes based on age at calving (CIP): CIP 1 (up to 3 years), CIP 2 (3.1 to 4 years), CIP 3 (4.1 to 5 years), CIP 4 (5.1 to 6 years) and CIP 5 (above 6.1 years) which included 104, 56, 44, 18 and 40 lactations, respectively. Milk yield from calving to a set day of lactation was estimated with the official factors and assuming that the first control of production of that given lactation occurred on days 6th, 20th, 34th, 48th, 62nd or 75th. Estimated data was compared with real data calculated from daily milk weights. For all CIPs, official factors overestimated the production from calving to first control and the relative overestimation error decreased with advance in the first control day. The overestimated amount of milk in that period increased with advance in the first control day and was 13.9 and 87.1 kg in CIP 1 and 20.6 and 196.3 kg in CIP 2 for days 6th and 75th, respectively. CIPs 3, 4, and 5 had intermediate values. New factors for first control days ranging from 6 to 75 and in all 5 CIPs were generated using the same methodology described by Everett & Carter (1968). The generated factors were smaller than the ones imported and routinely used to calculate official lactation records in Brazil

Análise comparativa da assembléia de aves em dois remanescentes florestais no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil Comparative analysis of birds community in two forested fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Realizou-se o levantamento quantitativo e qualitativo da comunidade de aves de dois fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecídua no interior do estado de São Paulo de julho de 2004 a julho de 2005. Para o estudo quantitativo utilizou-se da metodologia de Pontos de Escuta. Foram analisados os índices de diversidade e de freqüência de ocorrência dessa comunidade. O levantamento qualitativo registrou 181 espécies na Fazenda Rio das Pedras - FRP (Itapetininga, 350 ha) e 126 espécies na Fazenda Santa Maria II - FSM (Buri, 480 ha), enquanto que o levantamento quantitativo registrou a presença de 73 espécies em 988 contatos e 64 espécies em 1019 contatos para FRP e FSM, respectivamente. O índice pontual de abundância (IPA) variou de 0,01 (1 contato) a 1,32 (132 contatos), para FRP e na FSM variou entre 0,01 (1 contato) a 0,97 (97 contatos). A diversidade do fragmento da FRP foi de H’ = 3,04 e na FSM de H’ = 2,85 onde a eqüitatividade em ambas áreas foi de 0,91. A comunidade de aves nos fragmentos estudados mostrou o mesmo padrão encontrado em outros fragmentos de floresta estacional semidecídua de tamanhos relativos. As categorias alimentares mais representativas nos dois remanescentes foram insetívoras (53% na FSM e 50% na FRP) e frugívoras (23% na FSM e 26% na FRP). Dentre os insetívoros, destacaram-se as famílias Tyrannidae na FSM e Thamnophilidae na FRP. Tanto na FSM como na FRP os insetívoros de sub-bosque foram mais representativos (53% e 51,4% respectivamente), seguidos pelos frugívoros de sub-bosque (50%) na FSM e frugívoros de copa (52,6%) na FRP. A importância do estudo de comunidade de aves esta ligada à elaboração do plano de manejo e conservação das áreas naturais.<br>Qualitative and quantitative survey of bird community were performed in two distinct semideciduous forest in the interior of the State of São Paulo from July 2004 to July 2005. Point Counts were used for the quantitative survey followed by diversity and frequence of ocurrence indexes of the bird assemblage. The qualitative survey registered a total of 181 species of birds at Fazenda Rio das Pedras (FRP, Itapetininga, 350 ha) and 126 at Fazenda Santa Maria II (FSM II, Buri, 260 ha). The qualitative survey registered 73 species in 998 contacts and 64 species en 1019 contacts, respectively, for FRP and FSM II. The ponctual index of abundance (IPA) varied from 0.01 (one contact) to 1.32 (132 contacts) at FRP and from 0.01 (one contact) to 0.97 (97 contacts) at FSM II. The general diversity index for FRP was H’ = 2.85 and H’ = 3.04 at FSM II. Both areas presented an evenness index of E = 0.91. The bird community in both patched of forest showed the same pattern found in other different forest fragments of relative size studies by many distinct authors. In both localities, insectivorus (53% at FSM e 50% at FRP) and frugivorus (23% na FSM e 26% na FRP) birds were the most representative. Among the former, Tyrannidae and Thamnophilidae were predominant, respectively, at FSM and FRP. In both places understory insectivorous birds were dominant (53% at FSM and 51,4% at FRP), followed by understory frugivorus at FSM (50%) and by canopy frugivorus (52,6%) at FRP. The importance of bird community in forest remmants in linked to managing and conservation of wild natural forested in Stade of São Paulo