Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, and Satyridae) Faunas of Three Peatland Habitat Types in the Lake Superior Drainage Basin of Wisconsin

The butterflies which complete their entire life cycle within peatland habitats were documented in the Lake Superior drainage basin of northwestern Wisconsin. Seventy peatlands were inventoried over the course of the 1996 growing season, and were classified as either muskeg, kettlehole, or coastal sites. Muskeg peatlands were of similar elevation to the surrounding uplands, possessed drier and more nutrient-poor substrates, and were typically larger than other peatland types. Kettlehole peatlands were wetter and had floating Sphagnum mats which fringed lake margins or were in depressions much lower than the surrounding uplands. Coastal peatlands were located in estuaries along the Lake Superior coast, and possessed relatively eutrophic, wet soils. Muskeg sites harbored the most diverse total fauna, and possessed the highest average number of taxa per site. A highly significant correlation between habitat size and butterfly richness was observed in both muskeg and kettlehole peatlands. The muskeg fauna included five taxa not found in other peatland habitats. These species have arctic-boreal affinities and reach their southern range limit in eastern North America on these sites

Writing Through A Place

A Conversation with Elsa Nekol

Inland North: Stories

A collection of original short stories

Rare Iowa Plant Notes from the R. V. Drexler Herbarium

Notes on the distribution, habitats, associated species, and taxonomic considerations for 134 rare Iowa plants are presented. These taxa, including 15 Pteridophytes, 74 Dicots, and 45 Monocots were located during a decade of field research (1979-1989) concentrated in eastern, northeastern, and northwestern Iowa. Included among these are 10 taxa previously unrecorded from the Iowa flora (Carex sterilis, Circaea X intermedia, Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum, Lycopodium inundatum, Opuntia macrorhiza, Salix candida X Salix rigida, Salix X clarkei, Solidago uliginosa, Spiranthes ova/is, Viola adunca), and 15 taxa (Angelica atropurpurea, Aristolochia serpentaria, Artemesia frigida, Aster linariifolius, Berula pusilla, Carex conoidea, Eleocharis pauciflora var. fernaldii, Erythronium americanum, Galium labradoricum, Hypericum gentainoides, Juncus marginatus, Potentilla pensylvanica, Salix candida, Viola renifolia, and Xyris torta) which were once feared extirpated from the state (based on Roosa and Eilers 1978, Howe et al. 1984). The remainder of the species discussed are rare in Iowa or are restricted to special habitats within the state, including algific talus slopes, fens, and vernal pools

Effects of fire management on the richness and abundance of central North American grassland land snail faunas

The land snail faunas from 72 upland and lowland grassland sites from central North America were analyzed. Sixteen of these had been exposed to fire management within the last 15 years, while the remainder had not. A total of 91,074 individuals in 72 different species were observed. Richness was reduced by approximately 30% on burned sites, while abundance was reduced by 50-90%. One-way ANOVA of all sites (using management type as the independent variable), a full 2-way ANOVA (using management and grassland type) of all sites, and a 2-way ANOVA limited to 26 sites paired according to their habitat type and geographic location, demonstrated in all cases a highly significant (up to p < 0.0005) reduction in richness and abundance on fire managed sites. Contingency table analysis of individual species demonstrated that 44% experienced a significant reduction in abundance on fire-managed sites. Only six species positively responded to fire. Comparisons of fire response to the general ecological preferences of these species demonstrated that fully 72% of turf-specialists were negatively impacted by fire, while 67% of duff-specialists demonstrated no significant response. These differences were highly significant (p = 0.0006). Thus, frequent use of fire management represents a significant threat to the health and diversity of North American grassland land snail communities. Protecting this fauna will require the preservation of site organic litter layers, which will require the increase of fire return intervals to 15+ years in conjunction with use of more diversified methods to remove woody and invasive plants

Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, and Satyridae) Faunas of Three Peatland Habitat Types in the Lake Superior Drainage Basin of Wisconsin

The butterflies which complete their entire life cycle within peatland habitats were documented in the Lake Superior drainage basin of northwestern Wisconsin. Seventy peatlands were inventoried over the course of the 1996 growing season, and were classified as either muskeg, kettlehole, or coastal sites. Muskeg peatlands were of similar elevation to the surrounding uplands, possessed drier and more nutrient-poor substrates, and were typically larger than other peatland types. Kettlehole peatlands were wetter and had floating Sphagnum mats which fringed lake margins or were in depressions much lower than the surrounding uplands. Coastal peatlands were located in estuaries along the Lake Superior coast, and possessed relatively eutrophic, wet soils. Muskeg sites harbored the most diverse total fauna, and possessed the highest average number of taxa per site. A highly significant correlation between habitat size and butterfly richness was observed in both muskeg and kettlehole peatlands. The muskeg fauna included five taxa not found in other peatland habitats. These species have arctic-boreal affinities and reach their southern range limit in eastern North America on these sites

Congregational Music as Phatic Communication: Affect, Atmosphere, and Relational Ways of Listening and Being

Much of the scholarship of congregational music focuses on participatory music in organized corporate worship. This article draws on theories of communication and affect to examine the secondary, background music that happens alongside other events in a worship service or in places other than the space of the sanctuary. Instead of understanding affects as an individual emotion, this article argues that music is made meaningful through a socio-cultural and relational affective process. This in turn enables one to understand how musics, particularly secondary non-participatory musics, work beyond language and representation in phatic ways that can engender powerful feelings of human community and sacred connection

Efectos de la gestión con fuego sobre la riqueza y abundancia de la fauna de caracoles terrestres de las praderas de América del Norte

The land snail faunas from 72 upland and lowland grassland sites from central North America were analyzed. Sixteen of these had been exposed to fire management within the last 15 years, while the remainder had not. A total of 91,074 individuals in 72 different species were observed. Richness was reduced by approximately 30% on burned sites, while abundance was reduced by 50–90%. One–way ANOVA of all sites (using management type as the independent variable), a full 2–way ANOVA (using management and grassland type) of all sites, and a 2–way ANOVA limited to 26 sites paired according to their habitat type and geographic location, demonstrated in all cases a highly significant (up to p < 0.0005) reduction in richness and abundance on fire managed sites. Contingency table analysis of individual species demonstrated that 44% experienced a significant reduction in abundance on firemanaged sites. Only six species positively responded to fire. Comparisons of fire response to the general ecological preferences of these species demonstrated that fully 72% of turf–specialists were negatively impacted by fire, while 67% of duff–specialists demonstrated no significant response. These differences were highly significant (p = 0.0006). Thus, frequent use of fire management represents a significant threat to the health and diversity of North American grassland land snail communities. Protecting this fauna will require the preservation of site organic litter layers, which will require the increase of fire return intervals to 15+ years in conjunction with use of more diversified methods to remove woody and invasive plants.Se analiza la fauna de caracoles terrestres de 72 praderas en mesetas y llanuras de la región central de América del Norte. En 16 de ellas se habían efectuado intervenciones de incendio controlado durante los últimos 15 años, mientras en el resto no. Se observaron un total de 91.074 individuos de 72 especies diferentes. La riqueza en especies estaba reducida en un 30% en las áreas quemadas, mientras que la abundancia de individuos estaba reducida en un 50–90%. Un ANOVA unidireccional de todas las áreas (usando como variable independiente el tipo de intervención), un ANOVA bidireccional completo (usando el tipo de intervención y el tipo de pradera) en todas las áreas y un ANOVA bidireccional limitado a 26 áreas agrupadas según su tipo de hábitat y localización geográfica, demostró en todos los casos una reducción altamente significativa de la riqueza y de la abundancia (hasta p < 0,0005) en áreas sometidas a incendio. Un análisis individual de las especies mediante tablas de contingencia demostró que el 44% experimentaron una reducción significativa de su abundancia en las áreas quemadas. Sólo seis especies respondieron positivamente al fuego. Comparando la respuesta al fuego con las preferencias ecológicas generales de estas especies se demostró que al menos el 72% de las especialistas que viven en sustrato herbáceo fueron afectadas negativamente por el fuego mientras que el 67% de las que viven en sustrato húmico no demostraron ninguna respuesta significativa. Estas diferencias fueron altamente significativas (p = 0,0006). Así pues, el uso frecuente del fuego representa una amenaza significativa para la salud y diversidad de las comunidades de caracoles terrestres de las praderas de América del Norte. La protección de esta fauna requerirá la preservación de las capas de materia orgánica y la ampliación de los intervalos entre las actuaciones de quema a periodos superiores a 15 años, así como el uso de métodos más diversos para eliminar las plantas leñosas e invasivas