Quality of Worklife from a Labor Perspective: A Review Essay on Inside the Circle

[Excerpt]Early union advocates of quality of worklife (QWL) programs envisioned a movement to reform the workplace and to re-educate management to recognize and reward workers for their intelligence, resourcefulness and skills. Today QWL has become almost synonymous with labor-management cooperation, a national campaign whose stated goal is economic revitalization of U.S. industries. According to business and government, cooperation is a prerequisite for restoring the United States\u27 economic fortunes. Unions are being pressured to commit personnel and resources to promote QWL. While emphasizing mutuality of interests, business has in practice been more persuasive in its use of economic blackmail. On the one hand, corporations promise increased employee participation and a more satisfying work environment. On the other hand, they warn unions that any reluctance on their part to cooperate could translate into plant closures and union-avoidance programs

It\u27s Never Too Late: Office Workers at Bethlehem Steel

[Excerpt] Once jobs are contracted out, it\u27s an uphill battle to bring them back into a bargaining unit — even if the union has strong contract language. If the jobs never did belong to the union and there is no favorable language, then many reasonable people would not even put up a fight. But the office and technical (O&T) workers at Bethlehem Steel\u27s Burns Harbor Plant did, and so did their union, the United Steelworkers of America (USWA)

The Case of Deborah Rice: Who Is the Environmental Protection Agency Protecting?

Why did the EPA dismiss a highly respected neurotoxicologist as chair of its external review panel on the fire retardant deca? Pioneering lead researcher Herbert Needleman, MD, argues that the answer has little to do with science

Discrete dislocation simulations and size dependent hardening in single slip

Plastic deformation in two-dimensional monophase and composite materials is studied using a discrete dislocation dynamics method. In this method, dislocations are represented by line defects in a linear elastic medium, and their interactions with boundaries or second-phase elastic particles are incorporated through a complementary finite element solution. The formulation includes a set of simple constitutive rules to model the lattice resistance to dislocation glide, as well as the generation, annihilation and pinning of dislocations at point obstacles. The focus is on the predicted strain hardening of these materials when only a single slip system is active. When the particle morphology is such as to require geometrically necessary dislocations, hardening in the composite materials exhibits a distinct size effect. This size effect is weaker than that predicted by simple analytical estimates based on geometrically necessary dislocations.

Relaxation of thermal stress by dislocation motion in passivated metal interconnects

The development and relaxation of stress in metal interconnects strained by their surroundings (substrate and passivation layers) is predicted by a discrete dislocation analysis. The model is based on a two-dimensional plane strain formulation, with deformation fully constrained in the line direction. Plastic deformation occurs by glide of edge dislocations on three slip systems in the single crystal line. The substrate and passivation layers are treated as elastic materials, and therefore impenetrable for the dislocations. Results of the simulations show the dependence of the stress evolution and of the effectiveness of plastic relaxation on the geometry of the line. The dependence of stress development on line aspect ratio, line size, slip plane orientation, pitch length and passivation layer thickness are explored.

Plasticity size effects in tension and compression of single crystals

The effect of size and loading conditions on the tension and compression stress–strain response of micron-sized planar crystals is investigated using discrete dislocation plasticity. The crystals are taken to have a single active slip system and both small-strain and finite-strain analyses are carried out. When rotation of the tensile axis is constrained, the build-up of geometrically necessary dislocations results in a weak size dependence but a strong Bauschinger effect. On the other hand, when rotation of the tensile axis is unconstrained, there is a strong size dependence, with the flow strength increasing with decreasing specimen size, and a negligible Bauschinger effect. Below a certain specimen size, the flow strength of the crystals is set by the nucleation strength of the initially present Frank–Read sources. The main features of the size dependence are the same for the small-strain and finite-strain analyses. However, the predicted hardening rates differ and the finite-strain analyses give rise to some tension–compression asymmetry.