Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

Background The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital (2022QN38)

THE GROWTH AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF V6O13 FLASH-EVAPORATED FILMS

The growth of V6O13 films is reported for the first time. We have investigated the structural, optical, and electrical properties of flash-evaporated polycrystalline films and how these properties are affected by different thin-film preparation conditions. The highest quality films were grown on silicon substrate maintained at 250 degrees C. Microbatteries fabricated with cathode formed at moderate temperature exhibit a monotonous discharge voltage curve, indicating that the material remains in a single phase even for high degree of lithium intercalation. For cathode films prepared at 250 degrees C, lithium diffusivity is 10(-13) cm(2) s(-1) in LixV6O13.764167113314

Relationship between the structural and catalytic properties of mechanosynthesized lithiated manganese oxides

The relationship between the structural and catalytic properties of lithiated spinel manganese oxides was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, Infrared and Xanes spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, and by evaluating two catalytic oxidation tests, namely the carbon black combustion and the toluene conversion. Li-Mn-O catalysts were prepared from stoichiometric (Li2O + MnO2) mixtures, either by the classical high temperature ceramic method or by mechanochemistry. For both catalytic tests, some spectacular temperature reductions were measured as a function of grinding. A remarkable decrease of 210 degreesC (from 650 degreesC to 440 degreesC) in the carbon black combustion temperature was obtained when using mechanosynthesized Li-Mn-O spinel prepared from a mixture of Li2O and MnO2 ground for 3 hours, whereas a 100 % toluene conversion rate was achieved for a temperature lower than 200 degreesC for the 5 hours milled ceramic LiMn2O4 while the as-made ceramic was inactive. The enhancement of the performances (i.e. decrease in carbon black combustion temperature Tc and decrease in toluene conversion temperature T-95%) is due both to an increase in grain boundaries and in specific BET surface area and to the nano-crystallite size nature of the material. Besides, the spinel stoichiometry (both in oxygen or in cations) reflected by the lattice parameter variation plays a significant role in the catalytic reaction mechanism