NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Comprehensive Strategic Plan for Health Disparities Research

To identify the most appropriate scientific areas to address in this plan, the Institute drew from its existing research portfolio aimed at eliminating health disparities. Reflecting the Institute’s mission, the unifying concept of the plan is development, starting before conception and continuing throughout the lifespan and across generations. The Institute’s long experience investigating the complex biological and environmental interactions that drive developmental processes is invaluable when clarifying the causes of racial, ethnic, and even community-based disparities. By focusing and coordinating research on gestation and the early years of life, including the transitions into and out of adolescence and young adulthood, the NICHD can address not only the development of health disparities, but the critical timing of preventive and therapeutic strategies

Infant Attachment Security and the Timing of Puberty: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis

Life-history theories of the early programming of human reproductive strategy stipulate that early rearing experience, including that reflected in infant-parent attachment security, regulates psychological, behavioral, and reproductive development. We tested the hypothesis that infant attachment insecurity, compared with infant attachment security, at the age of 15 months predicts earlier pubertal maturation. Focusing on 373 White females enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we gathered data from annual physical exams from the ages of 9½ years to 15½ years and from self-reported age of menarche. Results revealed that individuals who had been insecure infants initiated and completed pubertal development earlier and had an earlier age of menarche compared with individuals who had been secure infants, even after accounting for age of menarche in the infants’ mothers. These results support a conditional-adaptational view of individual differences in attachment security and raise questions about the biological mechanisms responsible for the attachment effects we discerned

Obesity (Silver Spring)

K12 HD043441/NICHD NIH HHS/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development/United StatesR24 HD080194/NICHD NIH HHS/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development/United StatesR01 CE002543/NCIPC CDC HHS/National Center for Injury Prevention and Control/United StatesK23 HD061598/NICHD NIH HHS/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development/United StatesR03 HD080984/NICHD NIH HHS/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development/United States2019-08-01T00:00:00Z26813521PMC66698956525vault:3358

Participation in Self-Collection of Maternal and Infant DNA in a Case-Control Study on Clubfoot

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD051804

National outcome measures for early childhood development—phase 2: scoping paper

This report presents the results of Phase 2 of the National Outcome Measures for Early Childhood Development project. It identifies potential indicators for 5 indicator topic areas (child behavioural problems, peer relationships, racism, school engagement and parenting quality/capacity). Summary This report constitutes Phase 2 of the National Outcome Measures for Early Childhood Development project. Developing an indicator-based reporting framework for early childhood development will enable monitoring of achievements against the Early Childhood Development Outcomes Framework outlined in the National Early Childhood Development Strategy, Investing in the early years (the ECD Strategy), released by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in July 2009. The ECD Strategy is designed to guide Australia\u27s comprehensive response to evidence about the importance of early childhood development, and the benefits-and cost- effectiveness-of ensuring that all children experience a positive early childhood from before birth through the first 8 years of life. Phase 1 of the National Outcome Measures for Early Childhood Development project recommended 20 indicator topic areas for reporting against the Early Childhood Development Outcomes Framework included in the ECD Strategy. Indicators with data sources were recommended for 13 of the 20 topic areas. This work was published in the report National outcome measures for early childhood development: development of an indicator- based reporting framework (AIHW 2011b). The main focus of Phase 2 was to review potential indicators and/or data sources for the remaining 7 topic areas that required additional work at the end of Phase 1. Five topic areas required indicator development (child behavioural problems, peer relationships, cultural appropriateness, school engagement and parenting quality/capacity) and 2 topic areas required investigation of potential data sources (social and emotional wellbeing, and family social networks). Forty potential indicators have been put forward in this report as being conceptually suitable across the 5 topic areas that required indicator development. There are 8 indicators with available data sources across 4 of the 5 topic areas. However, for the \u27school engagement\u27 topic area, none of the indicators discussed have an available data source. Further consideration should be given as to whether the 8 indicators with available data are the most appropriate for the constructs measured, whether options should be explored for incorporating identified indicators with no available data source into existing surveys, or whether a new national early child development survey should be established to collect the necessary data for reporting against the Early Childhood Development Outcomes Framework. For the 2 topic areas requiring investigation of data availability-\u27social and emotional wellbeing\u27 and \u27family social networks\u27-suitable data should become available during 2015

NICHD workshop on children exposed to violence

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health.Running title: "NICHD workshop on children exposed to violence."Workshop sponsors: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Fogarty International Center (FIC), Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP)."December 2002."Also available via Internet from the NICHD web site

A FreeSurfer-compliant consistent manual segmentation of infant brains spanning the 0-2 year age range

We present a detailed description of a set of FreeSurfer compatible segmentation guidelines tailored to infant MRI scans, and a unique data set of manually segmented acquisitions, with subjects nearly evenly distributed between 0 and 2 years of age. We believe that these segmentation guidelines and this dataset will have a wide range of potential uses in medicine and neuroscience.Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (Grant 1K99HD061485-01A1)Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (Grant R00 HD061485-03)Ralph Schlaeger FellowshipNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (1R01EB014947-01)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (K23 NS42758-01)National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (P41-RR14075)National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (U24 RR021382)National Institutes of Health. National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB006758)National Institute on Aging (AG022381)National Institute on Aging (5R01AG008122-22)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.) (R01 NS052585-01)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.) (1R21NS072652-01)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.) (1R01NS070963)National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (Shared Instrumentation Grant 1S10RR023401)National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (Shared Instrumentation Grant 1S10RR019307)National Center for Research Resources (U.S.) (Shared Instrumentation Grant 1S10RR023043)Ellison Medical FoundationNational Institutes of Health. Blueprint for Neuroscience Research (5U01-MH093765)Human Connectome Projec

National partnership agreement on Indigenous early childhood development

Summary This second report on the health indicators in the National Partnership Agreement on Indigenous Early Childhood Development finds areas of improvement as well as areas of concern in the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and mothers. Antenatal care In 2010, 51% of Indigenous mothers attended at least 1 antenatal visit in the first trimester of pregnancy in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory combined. Although the majority of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers access antenatal care at least once during their pregnancy, they tend to access these services later and less often than other mothers. Teenage rates of sexually transmissible and bloodborne virus infections Between 2010 and 2012, in jurisdictions with at least 50% completeness of Indigenous status reporting for teenagers aged 15–19, notification rates for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis were much higher for Indigenous teenagers than for other teenagers (6,8 07 and 1,560 per 100,000 for chlamydia; 3,182 and 55 per 100,000 for gonorrhoea ; and 81 and 3 per 100,000 for syphilis). Low birthweight Between 2008 and 2010, for all Australia, singleton live babies born to Indigenous mothers were 2.4 times as likely to have low birthweight as those born to non-Indigenous mothers. The proportion of low birthweight babies born to Indigenous mothers, and the gap, declined substantially between 2000 and 2010. Infants who are born with low birthweight are at greater risk than other infants of poor health, disability and death in the first year of life. Substance use during pregnancy Nationally, in 2010, 51% of Indigenous mothers smoked during pregnancy. Indigenous mothers were almost 4 times as likely as non-Indigenous mothers to have smoked during pregnancy (age-standardised rates of 49% and 13%, respectively). These figures did not change substantially between 2007 and 2010. Smoking during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for the mother and her baby, for whom the effects persist into childhood

The quality of different types of child care at 10 and 18 months. A comparison between types and factors related to quality.

The quality of care offered in four different types of non-parental child care to 307 infants at 10 months old and 331 infants at 18 months old was compared and factors associated with higher quality were identified. Observed quality was lowest in nurseries at each age point, except that at 18 months they offered more learning activities. There were few differences in the observed quality of care by child-minders, grandparents and nannies, although grandparents had somewhat lower safety and health scores and offered children fewer activities. Cost was largely unrelated to quality of care except in child-minding, where higher cost was associated with higher quality. Observed ratios of children to adults had a significant impact on quality of nursery care; the more infants or toddlers each adult had to care for, the lower the quality of the care she gave them. Mothers' overall satisfaction with their child's care was positively associated with its quality for home-based care but not for nursery settings

Stress Health

Prior studies have shown that parent and adolescent cortisol are associated across days and that this covariation may be adolescent-driven. This study extends this literature by (a) testing whether parents' cognitive interference (i.e., distracting and ruminative thoughts potentially due to worry) mediates the linkages between adolescent and next-day parent cortisol and (b) whether these linkages were moderated by parent gender or warmth. Daily diary data, including bedtime cortisol, were collected on two samples of employees and their adolescent-aged children (N\ua0=\ua0318 dyads, M| \ua0=\ua013.18 years, 74% mothers). We tested mediation with autoregressive cross-lagged models. Moderated mediation by parent gender was found in our bedtime cortisol models. Higher adolescent bedtime cortisol levels were associated with higher next-day levels of mothers' cognitive interference. In turn, higher levels of mothers' cognitive interference were linked to higher mothers' same-day bedtime cortisol levels. These linkages were not significant for fathers. Cognitive interference did not mediate the associations between child and parent area under the curve or cortisol awakening response. No moderation was evident for parental warmth. Results suggest that mothers' cognitions play a key role in the transmission of elevated bedtime cortisol levels from adolescents to their mothers.U01HD051256/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/U01HD051276/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/U01 HD051217/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/U01 HD051256/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/U01OH008788/OH/NIOSH CDC HHSUnited States/U01HD051217/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/Alfred P Sloan Foundation/R03 HD 087611/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/U01HD059773/OH/NIOSH CDC HHSUnited States/U01 OH008788/OH/NIOSH CDC HHSUnited States/U01 AG027669/AG/NIA NIH HHSUnited States/William T. Grant Foundation/U01AG027669/AG/NIA NIH HHSUnited States/AF/ACF HHSUnited States/R03 HD087611/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/U01HD051218/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/U01 HD059773/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/U01 HD051276/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/U01 HD051218/HD/NICHD NIH HHSUnited States/U01AG027669/AG/NIA NIH HHSUnited States/AF/ACF HHSUnited States/U01HD059773/OH/NIOSH CDC HHSUnited States/U01OH008788/OH/NIOSH CDC HHSUnited States