A alternância dos verbos agapao e phileo nas traduções para as línguas latina e neolatinas do texto bíblico de João 21, 15-17

It is clear to see that a vast theoretical and analytical literature on the sacred texts of Christianity is produced nowadays in order to stimulate research in the field of biblical theology and to find the demands of a literary text well-known worldwide and considered as Divine Revelation by a considerable part of the world. Unfortunately, as we can be verified in the academy, there are still few the linguistic studies that cast its attention to investigate, in the sacred texts, aspects related to the science of language. Therefore influenced by such motives, this article aims to approach the problem of translation of three verses of the twenty first chapter and one of John’s Gospel, highlighting one pair of verbs (agapao and phileo) that, in Koine Greek, are structurally different, according to the meaning each one evokes, but Bibles of Romance languages in closer so those used in Brazil, either Catholic or Protestant publishers, the verbs difference is not checked, nor it is the particular meaning that, in the Greek language, each one has. In order to deal with this aspect, the theory of dynamic equivalence, proposed by Nida (1964), has been the way in which these verses has been analyzed in order to reach for a translation that is closer to the original meaning of the text under consideration.Resumo: É notório ver que há uma vasta literatura teórico-analítica sobre os textos sagrados do cristianismo com o intuito de fomentar as pesquisas no campo da teologia bíblica e de responder às exigências de um texto literário mundialmente conhecido e considerado como Revelação Divina por uma considerável parte do mundo. Infelizmente, pelo que se pode comprovar na academia, escassos ainda são os trabalhos de cunho linguístico que lançam seu olhar e sua atenção a investigar, nos textos sagrados, aspectos relacionados à ciência da linguagem. Por isso, influenciado por tais motivações, o presente artigo pretende abordar a problemática da tradução de três versículos do capítulo vinte e um do evangelho de João, voltando-se a um par de verbos (agapao e phileo) que, no grego koiné, são estruturalmente diferenciados, segundo o sentido que cada um evoca, mas que, nas bíblias de línguas neolatinas, de modo mais atento naquelas usadas no Brasil, sejam elas de editoras católicas ou protestantes, a diferença entre esses verbos não é assinalada, tampouco o sentido particular que, na língua grega, cada um salvaguarda. Para tratar desse aspecto, a teoria da equivalência dinâmica, proposta por Nida (1964), será o caminho pelo qual serão analisados esses versículos, de modo a se chegar a uma tradução que se aproxime mais do sentido original do texto em estudo. Palavras-chave: Alternância verbal. Tradução. Etimologia

Tactful Networking: Humans in the Communication Loop

International audienceThis survey discusses the human-perspective into networking through the Tactful Networking paradigm, whose goal is to add perceptive senses to the network by assigning it with human-like capabilities of observation, interpretation, and reaction to daily-life features and associated entities. To achieve this, knowledge extracted from inherent human behavior in terms of routines, personality, interactions, and others is leveraged, empowering the learning and prediction of user needs to improve QoE and system performance while respecting privacy and fostering new applications and services. Tactful Networking groups solutions from literature and innovative interdisciplinary human aspects studied in other areas. The paradigm is motivated by mobile devices' pervasiveness and increasing presence as a sensor in our daily social activities. With the human element in the foreground, it is essential: (i) to center big data analytics around individuals; (ii) to create suitable incentive mechanisms for user participation; (iii) to design and evaluate both humanaware and system-aware networking solutions; and (iv) to apply prior and innovative techniques to deal with human-behavior sensing and learning. This survey reviews the human aspect in networking solutions through over a decade, followed by discussing the tactful networking impact through literature in behavior analysis and representative examples. This paper also discusses a framework comprising data management, analytics, and privacy for enhancing human raw-data to assist Tactful Networking solutions. Finally, challenges and opportunities for future research are presented

ÁGUA INFECTADA E A CORRELAÇÃO COM A HEPATITE E

Hepatitis E infection is found worldwide and is common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to essential water, sanitation, hygiene and health services. In these areas, the disease occurs in both outbreaks and sporadic cases. Outbreaks often follow periods of fecal contamination of drinking water supplies and can affect thousands of people. This article aims to raise awareness among the population about the risks of hepatitis E and mainly to highlight the correlation with water. This is an integrative review of the literature. Within the time window of the last five years. The results confirm the importance of drinking water and basic sanitation, as well as highlighting the lack of studies in this area. Therefore it is necessary to talk more about hepatitis E, this article has the legacy of being the basis for other reviews, highlighting that prevention is the most effective approach against infection, however it is necessary to maintain quality standards for public water supply and establish adequate human feces disposal systems, as well as personal hygiene care.A infecção por hepatite E é encontrada em todo o mundo e é comum em países de baixo e médio rendimento com acesso limitado a serviços essenciais de água, saneamento, higiene e saúde. Nessas áreas, a doença ocorre tanto em surtos quanto em casos esporádicos. Os surtos geralmente seguem-se a períodos de contaminação fecal do abastecimento de água potável e podem afetar milhares de pessoas. Esse artigo tem como objetivo conscientizar a população sobre os riscos da hepatite E e principalmente destacar a correlação com a água. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Dentro da janela temporal dos últimos cinco anos. Os resultados confirmam a importância da água potável e saneamento básico, bem como evidenciam a falta de estudos nessa área. Por tanto é necessário falar mais sobre a hepatite E, esse artigo fica com o legado de ser base para outras revisões, ressaltando que a prevenção é a abordagem mais eficaz contra a infecção, entretanto é necessário manter padrões de qualidade para o abastecimento público de água e estabelecer sistemas adequados de eliminação de fezes humanas, bem como os cuidados de higiene pessoal

Considerações sobre o teor testemunhal dos escritos de João da Cruz e Primo Levi

A experiência traumática tem suscitado interesse em várias áreas de estudo, como a Psicologia, a Filosofia, a Literatura, a Sociologia. Na Literatura, por exemplo, contamos com numerosos relatos testemunhais de vivências traumatizantes (ANTELME, 1957; KLÜGER, 2005; LEVI, 2016, 2010, 1988), que impressionam pelo fato de serem memórias dolorosas que conseguiram ser comunicadas. Este trabalho, portanto, tem o objetivo de comparar o relato testemunhal de dois sobreviventes, Primo Levi e João da Cruz, que nos apresentam, cada um a seu modo, a experiência de reclusão que tiveram. Neste estudo comparativo, demonstramos que em Primo Levi o testemunho é um imperativo, um dever perante a memória dos que morreram, enquanto em João da Cruz o testemunho do cárcere toledano se encontra associado à comunicação da experiência mística da noite escura

Seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors in the state of Maranhao, Brazil

Background: Infection with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 or 2 (HTLV-1/2) is a major health problem. There is a public health policy defining measures for state hematology and hemotherapy centers in Brazil, in order to avoid virus transmission through blood donors. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of HTLV -1/2 in blood donors in the State of Maranhão, Brazil, during routine blood unit screening. Methods: Screening tests of blood donors using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect seropositivity for HTLV-1/2 performed at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center of the State of Maranhão (HEMOMAR) between July of 2003 and December of 2009 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Of the 365,564 blood donors, 561 (0.15%) were HTLV-1/2-positive, of whom 72 (12.8%) performed the confirmatory test (Western blot). In donors who had a confirmatory test, 53 (73.6%) were positive. The ages of the infected individuals ranged from 18 to 65 years; 305 (54%) were aged over 40 years. Among the infected individuals, 309 (55%) were male, 399 (71%) were mixed-race, and 259 (46%) were single. Co-infections were frequently found, especially with hepatitis B (in 68.6% of the cases). Conclusion: The results obtained will contribute to the planning and implementation of control measures by the epidemiological surveillance agency of Maranhão, and will also contribute to reducing morbidity. The high seropositivity in a small sample in donors who had confirmatory tests indicates the need for confirmatory tests for all donors who initially test as seropositive

Evaluation of laboratory markers of progression of HIV disease to death

INTRODUCTION: One of the important current problems in HIV/AIDS infection is the establishment of epidemiological and laboratorial prognostic parameters during patient follow-up. This study aimed at analyzing the evolution of laboratory tests: CD4 lymphocyte count, viral load, hemoglobin (Hb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the epidemiological variables sex and age as prognostic factors for survival in progression to death among AIDS patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using analysis of medical records, and prospective 24-month follow-up of patients with HIV/ AIDS attended at the President Vargas Hospital Outpatient Clinic, a reference center in HIV/ AIDS attendance in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The study analyzed patients aged 10 to 60 years old, who manifested AIDS and who were not using antiretroviral therapy or had used it for less than 5 years. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 100 patients - 57 were current outpatients, and 43 had died. The variables viral load (p=0.726), ALT (p=0.314), sex (p=0.687), and age (p=0.742) were analyzed, and no evidence of association between them and worst prognosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A significant relation was verified between low Hb levels (p=0.000) and CD4 (p=0.000) and shorter survival