GERIATRICS THROUGH AYURVEDA: A REVIEW

The World population of the elderly is increasing significantly and by the year 2050, adults older than 65 years will comprise 1/5th of the global population. In India 3.8% of the population are older than 65 years of the age. According to an estimate the likely number of people in India by 2016 will be around 113 million. Approximately 1 in 10,000 persons in developed countries lives beyond 100 yrs. Present day statistics indicate that under ideal socio-economic conditions mean age of death is not far from 85 yrs. Women have life-span about 5yrs longer than men and about 5 times as many women as men reach 100 yrs. Three factors that affect the life-span are: Heredity, Diet and Ionizing Radiation. Changes with age are universal, intrinsic, progressive and deleterious. All cells engage in four basic major activities-Production of energy needed for vital cell processes, synthesis of proteins, both structural and enzymatic, maintenance of chemical and osmotic homeostasis, reproduction or replication. Ayurveda has a focused branch of medicine called Rasayana (Rejuvenation) which exclusively deals with the problems related to ageing and methods to counter the same. Geriatrics or Jara Chikitsa or Rasayana in Ayurveda is a method to control/slow down/arrest the ageing process in the human being during the degenerative phase in ones life. For present article author has collected many references regarding how to enhance concept of Geriatrics through principles of Ayurveda with respect to disorders in Jara avastha and Rasayana therapy

DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULATE MUCOADHESIVE GEL FOR INTRANASAL DELIVERY

Objective: The objective of this research work was to develop mucoadhesive particulates gel of Propranolol HCl for intranasal delivery.Method: Drug loaded mucoadhesive particulates were prepared by spray drying technique using polymers such as HPMC K100 and Carbopol 934P. Batches were prepared according to 32 factorial designs.   Result: The mucoadhesive particulates prepared were evaluated for different parameters like drug content, entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesive strength and in vitro drug release. IR, XRD and DSC study revealed that there were no interaction occurs between drug and excipients and confirming reduction in crystallinity. The swelling index and encapsulation efficiency was found to be (0.9266%), (97.44%), angle of repose, Carr's compressibility index falls in acceptable limits. At the end of 10 hr optimized batch showed 90.23 % drug release and followed zero order release kinetics.Conclusion: Conclusion from result of the studies such as increase in the concentration of polymers contributed in drug release retardation. Although, prepared formulation of nasal administration can be a value addition in treatment for heart diseases like angina pectoris, myocardialÂ

Revolutionizing Agriculture: Machine Learning-Driven Crop Recommendations and Disease Detection in Fertilizer Management

Modern agriculture faces a multitude of challenges, including crop failures, disease outbreaks, and suboptimal yields, primarily stemming from the underutilization of advanced farming technologies and a lack of expert guidance. This research proposes a comprehensive solution consisting of three key components: a Crop Disease Detection System, a Fertilizer Recommendation System, and a Crop Suggestion System. The Crop Disease Detection System employs state-of-the-art technology to evaluate crop health by analyzing the condition of plant leaves, enabling early and accurate identification of agricultural diseases. Simultaneously, the Fertilizer Recommendation System leverages soil quality data and environmental factors to provide personalized fertilizer recommendations, optimizing nutrient application. An essential element of this system is a robust soil testing module, recognizing the critical importance of assessing soil quality. Soil fertility evaluation, guided by soil pH measurements, enables precise crop predictions. The proposed system utilizes Machine Learning classification algorithms to predict suitable crops based on essential soil parameters—Phosphorus, Potassium, and Nitrogen levels. It also offers tailored fertilizer recommendations to enhance soil fertility. By implementing these interconnected solutions, this research aims to significantly improve crop yields while reducing crop damage. This holistic approach empowers farmers with the tools and knowledge needed to enhance agricultural productivity and food security. Anticipated outcomes include higher crop yields and a reduced vulnerability of crops to diseases, contributing to a more sustainable and prosperous agricultural sector

ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF KOHL/KAJAL PREPARED BY DIFFERENT INDIAN METHODS AGAINST SELECTED MICROBIAL STRAINS

Objective: To prepare and evaluate different types of Kajal formulations and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity along with preliminary verification of the content responsible for the said effect. Methods: We have prepared kajal formulations by use of different metal plates, marble tile, ghee and Aloe vera mucilage and tried to verify the antimicrobial effect attributed to the formulation by these substances. Results: Carbon soot obtained from the use of copper plate showed more antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, with zones of inhibition 18±0.235 mm, 17±0.124 mm and 19±0.528 mm respectively. Also this formulation at different concentrations when compared with Ciprofloxacin exhibited promising results. Moreover, this formulation when used with Ciprofloxacin at a concentration of (50:50) revealed a synergistic effect against the clinically resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, with zone of inhibition 22±0.578 mm and 20±0.987 mm at a concentration of 10 and 5 µg ml-1 respectively, whereas, Ciprofloxacin exhibited zone of inhibition of 26±0.457 mm and 24±0.751 mm at the similar concentrations. To assess the effectiveness of Aloe vera we used marbles tiles for collection of carbon soot. The zones of inhibition observed for Kohl formulations prepared by using carbon soot collected from marble tiles impregnated with Aloe vera mucilage exhibited less antimicrobial activity than that of copper soot against the selected microbial strains. Conclusion: All the prepared kajal formulations exhibited antimicrobial activity. Aloe vera and copper soot is responsible for significant antimicrobial activity and when combined with Ciprofloxacin it showed synergistic activity against the clinically resistant strains of P. aeruginosa

Utjecaj sadržaja lijeka i veličine aglomerata na tabletiranje i oslobađanje bromheksin hidroklorida iz aglomerata s talkom pripremljenih kristalokoaglomeracijom

The objective of the investigation was to study the effect of bromhexine hydrochloride (BXH) content and agglomerate size on mechanical, compressional and drug release properties of agglomerates prepared by crystallo-co-agglomeration (CCA). Studies on optimized batches of agglomerates (BXT1 and BXT2) prepared by CCA have showed adequate sphericity and strength required for efficient tabletting. Trend of strength reduction with a decrease in the size of agglomerates was noted for both batches, irrespective of drug loading. However, an increase in mean yield pressure (14.189 to 19.481) with an increase in size was observed for BXT2 having BXH-talc (1:15.7). Surprisingly, improvement in tensile strength was demonstrated by compacts prepared from BXT2, due to high BXH load, whereas BXT1, having a low amount of BXH (BXH-talc, 1:24), showed low tensile strength. Consequently, increased tensile strength was reflected in extended drug release from BXT2 compacts (Higuchi model, R2 = 0.9506 to 0.9981). Thus, it can be concluded that interparticulate bridges formed by BXH and agglomerate size affect their mechanical, compressional and drug release properties.Cilj rada bio je praćenje utjecaja sadržaja bromheksidin hidroklorida (BXH) i veličine aglomerata na mehanička svojstva, kompresivnost i oslobađanje ljekovite tvari iz aglomerata pripravljenih kristalokoaglomeracijom (CCA). Optimizirani pripravci aglomerata (BXT1 i BXT2) pripravljeni CCA metodom pokazuju adekvatnu sferičnost i čvrstoću potrebnu za učinkovito tabletiranje. U oba pripravka se smanjenjem veličine aglomerata smanjivala i čvrstoća, neovisno o količini ljekovite tvari. Međutim, povećanje prosječnog tlaka s povećanjem veličine čestica primijećeno je u pripravku BXT2 s omjerom BXH-talk 1:15,7. Iznenađuje da su kompakti pripravljeni iz BXT2, s visokim sadržajem BXH, imali veću vlačnu čvrstoću, dok su BXT1 s niskim sadržajem BXH (BXH-talk, 1:24) imali manju čvrstoću. Veća vlačna čvrstoća imala je za posljedicu produljeno oslobađanje ljekovite tvari iz BXT2 (Higuchijev model, R2 = 0,9506 do 0,9981). Može se zaključiti da mostovi među česticama BXH i veličina aglomerata utječu na njihova mehanička i kompresivna svojstva te na oslobađanje ljekovite tvari

A REVIEW ON BIOGENIC PROPERTIES OF STEM BARK OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA: AN UPDATE

The traditional and alternative systems of medicine have been resulting more than 85% of the drugs from a plant source. Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) stem bark contain glycosides, ample quantities of flavonoids, tannins, and minerals. Flavonoids have been identified to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects while glycosides are cardiotonic, thus making T. arjuna bark inimitable. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss various aspects of its ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical relevance to various ailments condition. Available data from PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science were reviewed. Review articles, case reports, and clinical studies were included. Ultimately, after the elimination of repetitive information, 60 articles were identified. Most of the studies, both experimental and clinical, have suggested that T. arjuna bark possesses anti‑ischemic, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic activity. Its useful phytoconstituents are triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolics, and arjunolic acid. Experimental studies have revealed that T. arjuna bark exerting significant cardioprotective and as potent antioxidant activity. So far, no serious side effects have been reported with T. arjuna bark therapy. However, its long‑term safety still remains to be elucidated. T. arjuna bark has been found quite useful as cardioprotective agent. The present comprehensive update review is, therefore, an effort to give detailed information on T. arjuna stem bark for overall management of several ailments

TERMINALIA ARJUNA TRANSDERMAL MATRIX FORMULATION CONTAINING DIFFERENT POLYMER COMPONENTS: TERMINALIA ARJUNA TRANSDERMAL MATRIX FORMULATION

Objective: The objective of this research work was to prepare a transdermal matrix formulation containing different polymer components for topical delivery. Methods: Terminalia arjuna bark extract loaded transdermal patches were prepared using solvent casting technique with different amount of chitosan and Eudragit RL 100 batches were prepared according to 32 factorial designs. Results: The transdermal patches prepared were evaluated for different physicochemical properties, determination of drug content, in vitro diffusion study, ex vivo study, skin irritation study, and stability study. Infrared studies indicate the absence of chemical interaction or any changes in the chemical composition of extract during the preparation of transdermal patch. In vitro diffusion study and ex vivo diffusion study of optimized batch S3 showed drug releases to 74.56–69.12%, respectively, up to 12 h. Skin irritation study indicates that the extract and excipients used in the patch do not show any irritating effect on the skin. All the prepared transdermal matrix formulations were found to be stable on storage. Conclusion: It can be concluded that prepared matrix formulation containing different polymer components can be used for transdermal delivery for the treatment of chronic ailments such as cardiovascular disorder

ENHANCEMENT SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF PARACETAMOL AND IBUPROFEN BY COAMORPHOUS PARTICLES USING MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE: ENHANCEMENT SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE

Objective: The objective of the present study was to the preparation of a coamorphous (COAM) system of paracetamol (PA) (Biopharmaceutics Classification System [BCS] Class-III) and ibuprofen (IB) (BCS Class-II) for enhancement of solubility and dissolution of IB. Methods: The COAM system was prepared by chemical electric magnetic field microwave-assisted method. Several batches with different concentrations of COAM PA and IB were prepared at constant temperature, pressure, and holding time. Solubility studies were carried out in different pH condition and the batch, which show the highest increase in solubility 98.00%. COAM samples were characterized by solubility, dissolution, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. Results: FTIR results showed evidence of molecular interactions between both the drugs. Maximum increase in aqueous solubility of IB was seen 500:200 mg dose ratio (COAM) batch E in phosphate buffer 7.4. The COAM system increased solubility of IB about 98.70%. The solubility and dissolution rate of IB were also enhanced. In vitro drug release study, 100% of the drug was released within 120 min. Thus, saturation solubility and dissolution rate of IB were found significant improved unlike PA. XRD and DSC results confirmed amorphization of IB. FTIR results evidenced hydrogen bonding interactions between both the drugs. In accelerated stability studies, powder XRD and DSC results demonstrated insignificant changes, thus confirming successful stabilization of IB by PA. Conclusion: Hence, it concluded that the study of COAM of PA and IB successfully prepared by microwave-assisted method to enhance solubility, dissolution, stability, and bioavailability

Influence of esomeprazole on the pharmacodynamic activity of thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) in animal models

Drug-drug interaction studies are essential building blocks in drug development. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs: pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, which have been widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes as insulin sensitizers. Esomeprazole, the (S) -isomer of omeprazole, is the first proton pump inhibitor (PPI) developed as a single isomer for the treatment of acid-peptic disease by specific inhibition of H+K+- ATPase in gastric parietal cells. The role of esomeprazole on the pharmacodynamic activity of TZDs is not currently known; however, there is the possibility of drug interaction (DI) leading to decreased activity of TZDs. The study was planned to investigate the safety and effectiveness of TZDs therapy in the presence of esomeprazole in animal models