Higher Derivatives and Canonical Formalisms

Path integral expressions for three canonical formalisms -- Ostrogradski's one, constrained one and generalized one -- of higher-derivative theories are given. For each fomalism we consider both nonsingular and singular cases. It is shown that three formalisms share the same path integral expressions. In paticular it is pointed out that the generalized canonical formalism is connected with the constrained one by a canonical transformation.Comment: 13pages Latex fil

Variations of parameters of bioelectrical impedance during upper limb movement

これまでに生体電気インピーダンスを用いて身体運動の解析を行ってきた。インピーダンスの変動原因は測定部位の等価断面積変化および貯血量変化と説明できるが，直接的に断面積変化や貯血量変化を測定することは困難であるため，その変動原因の定量的な検討は不十分であった。そこで，本研究では上肢運動に伴う生体電気インピーダンスの変動原因を生体の等価回路のパラメータの変動で説明する。インピーダンスのモデルはCole－Cole型であり，等価回路は，細胞外液抵抗Re，細胞内液抵抗Ri，分散の特性周波fm　fm，緩和時間の分布の程度を表すα，βの独立した5パラメータで表現した。 上肢の肘関節および手関節の屈曲運動野に伴う前腕部および上腕部の電気インピーダンスを測定した。まず，電気インピーダンスの等価直列抵抗Rの変動率をパラメータの変動率で線形近似し，その信頼性と各パラメータ変動のRへの影響を確認した。Rへの影響はReとRiが支配的であるが，測定部位や運動の違いにより，それぞれの影響が異なることを示した。これは測定部位の筋活動状態の違いを表すものである。さらに，肘関節最大屈曲におけるRの変化にはfmの変化が大きく依存しており，上肢運動のインピーダンス変化には細胞膜の分極特性の変化も影響していることを明らかにした。本研究の結果は，運動強度の違いや疲労状態における身体運動評価に有意義である。We have proposed new biodynamic analysis methods using bioelectrical impedance. Variations of human limb electrical impedance during biodynamics were caused by variations of equivalent cross sectional area of muscle and variations of blood volume. However these variations could not be directly measured. Therefore quantitative discussions about relation between the impedance and these variations have been insufficient. In this work, we explained variations of the impedance with variations of parameters of an equivalent circuit. The model of impedance was Cole-Cole type. The equivalent circuit consisted of five individual parameters as follows : extracellular fluid resistance, 'Re', intracellular　fluid　resistance, 'Ri', characteristic frequency of dispersion, 'fm' and parameters of dispersion of relaxation time, 'α' and 'β'. Impedances of forearm and upper arm were measured with four electrode method during flexion and extension of joints in upper limb. The ratio of variations of equivalent series resistance R was linear-approximated using the above mentioned parameters. The influences of parameters on variations of R was confirmed. R was strongly influenced by Re and Ri, However there were differences between influence of Re and that of Ri in difference measured part and difference joint movement. This showed the conditibn of the muscle. In case of the maximum　flexion of the elbow joint, R of upper arm was influenced by fm. This means that a polarization of cell membrane changes and influences impedance during movement. These results are significant in evaluation of biodynamics including difference of strength of movement and condition of exhaustion

Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS)法を用いた培養細胞の微細挙動の定量的評価法 - 細胞-細胞間隙と細胞-電極間隙の評価 -

We have proposed a mathematical model for the micro-dynamics for cultured cells measured with ECIS system for the detection of nanometer-order dynamics of cells cultured on a small gold electrode and could separately evaluate cell-to-cell distance (A) and cell-to-substrate distance (h). For wide applications of this method, we constructed mathematical models which express cell-to-electrode impedances for some kinds of confluent conditions. Based on this mathematical model, we defined new parameters S(A) and S(h) in order to evaluate cell-to-cell distance and cell-to-substrate distance. As the application, we investigated the effect of X-irradiation to bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC). We analyzed the micro-dynamics of cells from the impedance of BAEC before and after X-irradiation. It was proved that the stimulation of 100 Gy X-irradiation to the BAEC resulted in the large scale of increase in the cell-to-cell distances (A), and the slight increase in the cell-to-substrate distances (h) accompany with continuous fluctuations.[背景] Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS)は培養細胞の電気的計測により,その微細挙動を評価する工学的手法である｡我々はECISを用いてこの微細挙動を細胞-細胞間隙と細胞-電極間隙に分離して推定することが可能な数学的モデルを提案してきた｡本研究ではこの数学的モデルを使用して,Ⅹ線を照射した牛大動脈内皮細胞(bovine aortic endothelial cell : BAEC)の微細挙動の経時変化を評価した｡ [方法と結果] ECISシステム(Model 1600R Applied BioPhysics)を用いてBAECのコンフルエント到達前後で計測を行い,数学的モデルを構築した｡このモデルは細胞の微細挙動を検出するために重要な周波数レンジである1-10kHzにおいて測定結果とよく一致し,Cole-Cole円弧則に従う｡さらに細胞-細胞間距離Aの増減に対応する校正定数S(A)と細胞-電極間距離hの増減に対応する校正定数S(h)を導入し,ベクトルインピーダンスの変化に対応した値を算出することで細胞の微細挙動を評価することとした｡次に本法によりX線(150kV, 100Gy)を照射したBAECの微細挙動を評価した｡Ⅹ線照射細胞では時間経過と共に抵抗成分の変化が支配的なインピーダンスの減少が確認された｡この現象はS(A)の大きな増加とS(h)の微小な減少をもたらした｡このパラメータの変化は細胞間隙が拡大したことを示しており,Ⅹ線照射による細胞内損傷により細胞密度が低下したと考えられた｡ [結論] 本法は培養細胞の微細動態の変化を細胞-細胞間隙と細胞-電極間隙に分けてリアルタイムに定量評価することが可能であり,各臓器の細胞レベルでの薬物の治療効果や Ⅹ線に対する耐性の評価に適応できるものと考える

Principle of Biodynamic Analysis Using Human Limb Electrical Impedance

This paper describes a new measurement method and principle of detection of biodynamics using bioelectrical impedance method based on four-electrode technique with sinusoidal constant current. This method uses a human body itself as a part of the sensor. First, we show a bioelectrical impedance measuring device and the change of bioelectrical resistance is measured in human movement. Second, we proposes a principle of detection of biodynamics based on correspondence of magnitude, form and stability of movement to impedance waveform. Hence we can use this method for the judgement of sports skill using the impedance characteristics

Theory for Planar Hall Effect in Organic Dirac Fermion System

In a recent experiment on the interlayer magnetoresistance in the quasi-two-dimensional organic salt, $\alpha$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$I$_3$, it has been observed that at low temperatures, interlayer tunneling attains phase coherence, leading to the emergence of a three-dimensional electronic structure. Theoretically and experimentally it has been suggested that the system exhibits characteristics of a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal as a consequence of broken time-reversal symmetry and inversion symmetry. Here, we perform a theoretical calculation of the magnetoconductivity under an in-plane magnetic field and demonstrate that the system displays a planar Hall effect. Our calculations are based on a realistic model for $\alpha$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$I$_3$ incorporating interlayer tunneling and the tilt of the Dirac cone. Given that the planar Hall effect is anticipated as a consequence of chiral anomaly, our findings provide support for the classification of $\alpha$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$I$_3$ as a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction Associated With Acute Inflammation by Electrical Impedance Myography: A Case Report on Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery and Literature Review

Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is an evaluation technique for skeletal muscles that uses electrical impedance technology. Recent reviews have shown that EIM is useful as a method to assess changes in skeletal muscle quality and quantity with aging. These may be utilized for functional changes in inflammatory skeletal muscles, such as disease and operation. In this report, the impedance parameters using EIM present perioperative skeletal muscle changes in patients after cardiac surgery. In addition, we will describe the efficacy of EIM in skeletal muscle dysfunction due to inflammation or disease. This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of EIM in acute inflammation-associated skeletal muscle dysfunction

生体電気信号の計測システムへの電力線からの誘導障害に関するインターフェイスモデル

A modelling of interface construction relating to power-line interference phenomenon was described. Source of interference was displacement currents which flowed from AC power-line configuration (APC) to a model. The interference depends on some factors: distance between the APC and a model ; length of unshielded leads ; position of the APC in vertical or horizontal direction ; and skin-electrode impedances which were balance or unbalanced. The position of APC and skin-electrode impedances were important in contributing of the interference. The interference was still large even though skin-electrode impedances were balance. This was caused by the disagreement in two displacement currents. It was overcame by adjustment of APC in vertical direction. As a result, total interference would be very small or zero. The result shows that interference in ECG signal recording can be eliminated to about 10 μV. Although interference of power-lines is a complicated phenomenon, the problem is easier to understand by using this modelling.生体電気信号の測定における電力線からの誘導障害についての研究が多く報告されているが，この現象についての説明が十分なされていなかった。本研究では，この現象を簡単なインターフェイスモデルを用いて説明した。誘導障害の原因として，電極の導線が作るループ内に発生する誘導起電力，システムの変位電流，生体アンプ内で発生する雑音等があげられる。本研究においては，電力線と導線との静電結合によってその間を流れる変位電流と被験者と電極間のインピーダンスに注目した。この変位電流による誘導は，いくつかの要素に依存している。それらは，・被験者と電力線との距離，・被験者に対する電力線の方向，・導線のシールドされていない部分の長さ，・被験者と電極間のインピーダンスである。そこで，被験者と電力線との距離や導線のシールドされていない部分の長さなどを変化させて，心電図の測定を行った。被験者と電極間のインピーダンスを調整できるように，可変抵抗を用いたRC並列回路をそれぞれの導線に直列に接続した。また，導線のループに発生する誘導起電力をできるだけ小さくするために，導線を互いに撚ってループ面積を小さくした。誘導雑音は，以下の場合に大きくなった。・電力線の距離が近い。・導線のシールドされてない部分が長い。・被験者と電極間のインピーダンスが大きく，不均衡である。また，被験者と電極間のインピーダンスを等しくした場合でも，誘導雑音が観測された。電力線の位置により各導線と電力線との静電結合状態が異なり，各導線に流れる変位電流が等しくないことが誘導雑音の原因であることを示した。本研究では被験者と電極間のインピーダンスおよび変位電流による誘導雑音の影響について検討した。この現象の理解は誘導障害の除去に大変有益なものである

Instantaneous measurement of electrical parameters in a palm during electrodermal activity

The determination of impedance can be performed by means of a frequency-domain analysis or a time-domain analysis. The latter has the advantage of being able to measure instantaneously all the frequency characteristics of impedance. The method is hence well suited to obtain the biological impedance which changes with time. An instantaneous method of measuring skin impedance, by using time-domain analysis has thus been developed. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the step response for current to the skin can determine the palm impedance. This method can carry out the determination of the parameters of the palm skin impedance during a galvanic skin reflex (GSR), which is impossible by means of frequency-domain analysis </p

Efficacy of amniotic membrane-assisted bleb revision for elevated intraocular pressure after filtering surgery

Yoshiaki Kiuchi1, Masahide Yanagi1, Takao Nakamura21Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 2Department of Ophthalmology, Otemae Hospital, Osaka, JapanPurpose: To compare the effectiveness of standard revision surgery using mitomycin C (MMC) with revision using amniotic membrane transplantation and MMC for elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) after trabeculectomy.Patients and methods: A retrospective, nonrandomized comparative study of 36 eyes of 36 patients with a failed trabeculectomy. Patients were divided into two groups, ie, a nonamnion-transplanted group and an amnion-transplanted group. The amniotic membrane was placed on the scleral flap under the conjunctiva in the amnion-transplanted group. Both groups recovered filtration of aqueous humor from the surgical site with the adjunctive use of MMC. The changes in IOP and cumulative survival rate were compared for the two groups. Success was defined as a 30% reduction in IOP from the preoperative IOP and maintenance below 21 mmHg with or without the use of antiglaucomatous agents.Results: The mean preoperative IOP was not significantly different in the two groups. The mean postoperative IOP in the nonamnion group, 12.1 &amp;plusmn; 5.5 mmHg, was significantly lower than the IOP in the amnion group, 16.0 &amp;plusmn; 3.7 mmHg. Survival curves in the two groups did not reach significantly different levels.Conclusions: Conventional surgical bleb revision with MMC can significantly reduce the elevated IOP associated with a failed filtration bleb. The use of an amniotic membrane transplant did not improve the surgical outcome in our cases.Keywords: filtration bleb revision, amniotic membrane, mitomycin C, filtering surger