Процедурные вопросы анализа дискурса

This article focuses on the procedures of critical and cognitive discourse analysis. A general view on the problem allows the authors to feature three topical objectives of these procedures.Рассматривается процедурная сторона критического и когнитивного дискурс-анализа. На основании обзора существующих аналитических подходов делается обобщение о центральных задачах анализа дискурса

Small Business in Digital Economy

Business plays a special role in the mechanism of sustainable economic development, since it provides not only the realization of innovative potential, but also the creation of decentralized jobs, as well as additional revenues to budgets of different levels. Periods of economic instability for small business at the local level are a big challenge, because unlike large network structures, small business does not have the ability to diversify risks due to economies of scale. Changing the vector of the national economy development has a special impact on small business, which in developed countries is a driver of economic development. Thus, the digitalization of the economic system entails fundamental changes in the processes of value-added formation: industries are being modernized, trade and procurement procedures, related financial and logistics operations are changing, and consumption patterns are changing against the background of penetration of information technologies. The article considers two key aspects: “small business”, “digitalization of the economic system”. The concept of “digital economy” is considered, its key elements, distinctive features, level of development in various countries are defined. The authors also clarify the distinctive features and structure of small business in the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the share of small business in some countries is given, and a model for the functioning of small business at the regional level is described. The authors identify the problems and prospects for the development of small business in a digital economy. The article tackles the issues of the impact of the digital economy on the development of small business and the role of education in this process. The article formulates the main trends of digital transformation that have a significant role for small business at the regional level; the essence of this influence is detailed, possible barriers, new challenges and prospects for the development of small business are indicated

Structure and magnetism of copper substituted cobalt ludwigite Co₃O₂BO₃

The single crystals Co₃O₂BO₃ with partial (4%) substitution of Co by Cu ions were synthesized by the flux technique. X-ray diffraction and magnetic properties investigations were carried out. The x-ray diffraction meas-urements have shown that Cu clearly prefers only one from four nonequivalent crystallographic positions with the smallest electric field gradient. The ferrimagnetic ordering near TN = 43 K and high magnetic hardness in this magnetic phase are similar to Co₃O₂BO₃. The small reduction of the effective magnetic moment was revealed under copper substitution

Распространенность ишемической болезни сердца среди мужчин, больных туберкулезом легких

Three follow-up single-stage standardized examinations for revealing of ischemic heart disease (IHD) were conducted among males at the age 50-59 with tuberculosis in 1972, 1998, 2011 years. The results of studies are conformed that prevalence of IHD among males with tuberculosis is not changed during this period and remained on relatively high level from 21.0-31.9%. Practically every 5th male with tuberculosis has clinical signs of IHD that could be considered as a support of necessity of joint simultaneous treatment of tuberculosis and IHD.Выполнены три одномоментных исследования с целью выявления ИБС среди мужчин в возрасте 50-59 лет больных туберкулезом. Исследования проводились в 1972, 1998, 2011 гг. с использованием стандартизированных методов обследования. Сравнительный анализ результатов свидетельствуют о том, что распространенность проявлений ИБС среди мужчин, больных туберкулезом легких в течение указанного периода, остается высокой в пределах 21,0-31,9%

Clinical and epidemiological features of neuro-syphilis in Altai Territory (1999-2016)

Purpose: identification of tendencies of development of incidence of a neurosyphilis and structures of clinical forms of a late neurosyphilis in Altai Territory. Material and Methods. Materials of forms of the state statistical overseeing of 1999-2016 across Altai Territory, official statistical materials of the Department of monitoring, the analysis and strategic development of health care, Federal State Budgetary Institution Central Research and Development Institute of the Organization and Informatization of Health Care, contemporary records of medical institutions of Altai Territory are analysed. Results. The carried-out retrospective analysis of incidence of a lues in Altai Territory for the 18-year period of observations revealed tendencies to decrease in primary incidence of a lues with simultaneous increase in structure of late forms, including a late neurosyphilis that completely confirmed the model of development of epidemic process constructed earlier by authors. In structure of forms of a late neurosyphilis without symptomless neurosyphilis, symptomless meningitis and meningovascular forms of neurosyphilis came to light more often. Conclusion. The clinical picture of late forms of a neurosyphilis is mainly without symptoms character now. Among demonstrative forms the meningovascular forms as a predictor of cerebrovascular pathology at working-age is registered more often.</p

СОСТОЯНИЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫХ МОТОРНЫХ ПУТЕЙ ПРИ РАССЕЯННОМ СКЛЕРОЗЕ У ДЕТЕЙ

Aim: to evaluate motor pathways involvement in children with multiple sclerosis. Patients and methods: we used transcranial magnetic stimulation method. 9 children with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (mean duration 1,68 years) and 20 controls were enrolled. Results: in most of the cases findings in multiple sclerosis group were abnormal. More often polyphasic changes of the motor evoked potentials (MEP) shape (78% of the cases) and elevation of MEP threshold (88%) were seen. Conclusions: transcranial magnetic stimulation demonstrated high sensitivity in children with multiple sclerosis. Main neurophysiologic findings in multiple sclerosis in children may reflect altering membrane excitability of motor neurons and demyelinating lesions. Axonal damage in children with multiple sclerosis are less apparent. Цель: исследование состояния центральных моторных путей у детей с рассеянным склерозом (РС). Материалы и методы. Обследовано 29 пациентов, из них 20 неврологически здоровых (средний возраст 14 лет) составили группу контроля и 9 (средний возраст 13 лет, ремиттирующая форма РС, средняя продолжительность заболевания 1,68 лет) вошли в группу рассеянного склероза. Всем детям проводили магнитно-резонансную томографию, неврологический осмотр и транскраниальную магнитную стимуляцию. Регистрировали порог, латентность, амплитуду и форму вызванного моторного ответа, рассчитывали время центрального моторного проведения. Результаты: Установлено, что время центрального моторного проведения, амплитуды и латентности вызванного моторного ответа у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом достоверно не отличались от группы контроля. В 88% случаев в группе рассеянного склероза был повышен порог и в 78% — изменена форма вызванного моторного ответа. Выводы: Полученные результаты указывают на преобладающее снижение функциональной активности мотонейронов коры у детей с рассеянным склерозом. Поражение моторных путей у данной группы пациентов преимущественно имеет демиелинизирующий характер, аксональные нарушения наблюдаются значительно реже.

Significance of herpesvirus infections in the etiology of bronchopulmonary complications in patients undergoing heart transplantation

Objective. To study significance of herpesviruses in the development of infectious complications in patients after heart transplantation based on the detection of markers of herpesvirus infections. Materials and Methods. The paper presents the results of a comprehensive examination for markers (HVI) of patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at the V.I. Shumakov National Medical Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs (Moscow). A total of 86 patients were observed. To establish the etiological diagnosis of infectious complications, all the blood serum and blood cell samples were analyzed for markers of herpesvirus infections. The titers of IgM and IgG antibodies to herpesviruses (HSV1, HSV-2, EBV, CMV and HCV-6) in blood serum were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to detect herpesviruses and their antigens in peripheral blood leukocytes. Early CMV and HCV-6 antigens as well as reproduction of HSV and EBV were detected by a rapid cultural method. Results. There was a wide prevalence of herpesviruses in the studied groups. It was shown that in all groups of patients with reduced immunity, herpesviruses always manifested themselves as mixed infections. Conclusions. The study gives grounds to carry out laboratory diagnostics for all patients in order to differentiate the types of herpes viruses and the degree of their activity in order to identify activation and relief of infectious processes caused by herpes viral infections

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ НАСЛЕДСТВЕННОГО РАКА МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ В РЕГИОНЕ СИБИРИ

Background: Ethnic diversity of the population in the region of Siberia suggests the existence of different germline mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in different ethnic populations, but spectrum of these mutations has not been studied. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the frequency of the most common mutations BRCA1 / 2 (BRCA1 5382insC, BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 4153delAG, BRCA1 T300G, BRCA2 6174delT) in women diagnosed with breast cancer among indigenous people and newcomers living in Siberia. Methods: We tested 1281 genomic DNA samples for the presence of BRCA1 5382insC mutation in patients diagnosed with breast cancer considering no family history. 72 patients having hereditary cancer signs were tested for the mutations BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 4153delAG, BRCA1 T300G, BRCA2 6174delT. Results: Out of 765 patients of Slavic ethnic group, 27 women (3.5%) were carriers of allele BRCA1 5382insC. The frequencies of mutations in patients with signs of hereditary cancer were: 8.3% in group of young patients (under 40 years), 20.0% in patients with bilateral cancer and 5.7% in patients with family history of breast or ovarian cancers. We tested 516 BC patients residing on the territory of the Buryat-Aginsky district, Republics of Tyva and Altai. Out of them, there were 197 patients among the indigenous population (buryats, tuvinians, altaians), and 319 patients among newcomers (Slavic ethnics). Mutations BRCA1 5382insC were detected only in women from Slavic ethnic groups. The frequency of BRCA1 5382insC mutation was 6% in the group where family history was excluded and 14% in the group of patients with characteristics of family cancer. Allele BRCA1 5382insC was not found in indigenous breast cancer patients, although 59 patients had signs of hereditary cancer. In women from Slavic ethnic group, the BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 4153delAG and BRCA1 T300G mutations were detected in 9.1% of cases and were not found in patients among the indigenous population. Conclusion: studies of mutations in the BRCA1 gene in breast cancer patients from Siberia confirmed data on the high frequency of «founder mutation» BRCA1 5382insC in Slavic population and indicate the advisability of further studies to identify the genes responsible for the occurrence of hereditary breast cancer in the indigenous population. Обоснование: этническая разнородность населения Сибири предполагает наличие разных наследственных мутаций в генах BRCA1/2, ассоциированных с раком молочной железы (РМЖ) и раком яичников в различных популяциях, спектр которых не изучен. Цель исследования: оценить частоту встречаемости наиболее распространенных в РФ мутаций BRCA1/2 (BRCA1 5382insC, BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 4153delAG, BRCA1 T300G, BRCA2 6174delT) у представительниц коренного и пришлого населения Сибири. Методы: протестирован 1281 образец геномной ДНК на наличие распространенных мутаций у больных с диагнозом РМЖ. Результаты: из 765 больных РМЖ славянской принадлежности 27 человек (3,5%) были носителями аллеля BRCA1 5382insC. Частота мутации у пациенток с признаками наследственного рака составила: у молодых пациенток до 40 лет — 8,3%, у пациенток с билатеральным раком — 20,0%, при отягощенном семейном анамнезе — 5,7%. На наличие мутации BRCA15382insC протестировано 516 больных РМЖ из Агинского бурятского автономного округа, республик Тыва и Алтай, из них 319 женщин пришлого населения (славянки) и 197 представительниц коренного населения (бурятки, тувинки, алтайки). Мутации обнаружены только у славянок, частота без учета семейного анамнеза составила 6%, с учетом признаков семейного рака — около 14%. У больных РМЖ коренного населения мутация не обнаружена, хотя 59 пациенток имеют признаки наследственного рака. Мутации BRCA1 185delAG, BRCA1 4153delAG и BRCA1 T300G выявлены у славянок в 6,7% случаев и не выявлены у представительниц коренного населения. Заключение: получены данные о высокой частоте встречаемости «мутации-основателя» 5382insC у больных РМЖ славянской популяции и отсутствии «славянских» мутаций у больных РМЖ женщин монголоидного происхождения. Актуальны исследования по выявлению генов наследственного рака молочной железы у представительниц коренного населения.

Early carboniferous brachiopod faunas from the Baoshan block, west Yunnan, southwest China

38 brachiopod species in 27 genera and subgenera are described from the Yudong Formation in the Shidian-Baoshan area, west Yunnan, southwest China. New taxa include two new subgenera: Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) and Brachythyrina (Longathyrina), and seven new species: Eomarginifera yunnanensis, Marginatia cylindrica, Unispirifer (Unispirifer) xiangshanensis, Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) wafangjieensis, Brachythyrina (Brachythyrina) transversa, Brachythyrina (Longathyrina) baoshanensis, and Girtyella wafangjieensis. Based on the described material and constraints from associated coral and conodont faunas, the age of the brachiopod fauna from the Yudon Formation is considered late Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous), with a possibility extending into earlyViseacutean.<br /