62 research outputs found
Wealth distribution in an ancient Egyptian society
Modern excavations yielded a distribution of the house areas in the ancient
Egyptian city Akhetaten, which was populated for a short period during the 14th
century BC. Assuming that the house area is a measure of the wealth of its
inhabitants allows us to make a comparison of the wealth distributions in
ancient and modern societies
Sociocultural considerations in aging men's health: implications and recommendations for the clinician
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2009.07.00
Effects of Noise on Ecological Invasion Processes: Bacteriophage-mediated Competition in Bacteria
Pathogen-mediated competition, through which an invasive species carrying and
transmitting a pathogen can be a superior competitor to a more vulnerable
resident species, is one of the principle driving forces influencing
biodiversity in nature. Using an experimental system of bacteriophage-mediated
competition in bacterial populations and a deterministic model, we have shown
in [Joo et al 2005] that the competitive advantage conferred by the phage
depends only on the relative phage pathology and is independent of the initial
phage concentration and other phage and host parameters such as the
infection-causing contact rate, the spontaneous and infection-induced lysis
rates, and the phage burst size. Here we investigate the effects of stochastic
fluctuations on bacterial invasion facilitated by bacteriophage, and examine
the validity of the deterministic approach. We use both numerical and
analytical methods of stochastic processes to identify the source of noise and
assess its magnitude. We show that the conclusions obtained from the
deterministic model are robust against stochastic fluctuations, yet deviations
become prominently large when the phage are more pathological to the invading
bacterial strain.Comment: 39 pages, 7 figure
Certain subclasses of multivalent functions defined by new multiplier transformations
In the present paper the new multiplier transformations
\mathrm{{\mathcal{J}% }}_{p}^{\delta }(\lambda ,\mu ,l) (\delta ,l\geq
0,\;\lambda \geq \mu \geq 0;\;p\in \mathrm{% }%\mathbb{N} )} of multivalent
functions is defined. Making use of the operator two new subclasses and \textbf{\ }of multivalent analytic
functions are introduced and investigated in the open unit disk. Some
interesting relations and characteristics such as inclusion relationships,
neighborhoods, partial sums, some applications of fractional calculus and
quasi-convolution properties of functions belonging to each of these subclasses
and
are
investigated. Relevant connections of the definitions and results presented in
this paper with those obtained in several earlier works on the subject are also
pointed out
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden
On the estimation of leaf size and crown geometry for tree canopies from hotspot observations
A computer-graphic based model for radiation interception in vegetation canopies is used to investigate the feasibility of estimating leaf size and crown size,for deciduous and coniferous trees,from canopy reflectance in the hotspot region.For deciduous trees, as represented by aspen trees, it appears that under certain conditions one can estimate leaf size;we specify optimal Sun-view geometry,wavelength,and index, which can minimize the impact of other structural parameters(e.g., leaf area index, leaf angle distribution,and interplant spacing)for the most accurate estimation of leaf size. However,for coniferous trees an accurate estimation of crown size seems unlikely,except possibly for sparsely spaced canopies
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