3 research outputs found
Production of Karanja Methyl Ester from Crude Karanja Oil Using Meretrix Lyrata Synthesised Active Cao Catalyst
Active calcium oxide catalyst was synthesised from Meretrix Lyrata (M.Lyrata)
following calcination-hydration-dehydration technique. The catalytic feasibility of
synthesised CaO was investigated in the production of Karanja methyl ester (KME) from
crude Karanja oil (CKO). KME was synthesised through esterification using
H2SO4 followed by transesterification utilising CaO in a two-step reaction process of
CKO and methanol. The M.Lyrata shells were calcined at 900 ℃ and the catalyst samples
were characterised using FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH spectrographic techniques. A
maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of 97.3 % was obtained at optimum
reaction conditions including methanol-to-oil ratio of 12:1, catalyst concentration of 2
wt.%, reaction temperature of 58 ℃ and reaction time of 2 hrs. In a comparative study
with commercial CaO, M.Lyrata showed a higher catalytic activity. The catalyst
reusability experiments ascertaining reusability of CaO up to four reuse cycles had shown
good efficiency. The economic comparative study confirms that CaO derived from
M.Lyrata can be used as an alternative and feasible catalyst for biodiesel production. The
KME fuel properties complied to EN-14214 biodiesel fuel standards
Fast Dissolving Sublingual Films of Ondansetron Hydrochloride: Effect of Additives on in vitro Drug Release and Mucosal Permeation
Ondansetron hydrochloride, a 5 HT3 antagonist is a powerful antiemetic drug which has oral bioavailability of 60% due to hepatic first pass metabolism and has a short half-life of 5 h. To overcome the above draw back, the present study was carried out to formulate and evaluate fast dissolving films of ondansetron hydrochloride for sublingual administration. The films were prepared from polymers such as polyvinylalcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Carbopol 934P in different ratios by solvent casting method. Propylene glycol or PEG 400 as plasticizers and mannitol or sodium saccharin as sweeteners were also included. The IR spectral studies showed no interaction between drug and polymer or with other additives. Satisfactory results were obtained when subjected to physico-chemical tests such as uniformity of weight, thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, uniformity of drug content, swelling index, bioadhesive strength, and tensile strength. Films were also subjected to in vitro drug release studies by using USP dissolution apparatus. Ex vivo drug permeation studies were carried out using porcine membrane model. In vitro release studies indicated 81–96% release within 7 min and 66–80% within 7 min during ex vivo studies. Drug permeation of 66–77% was observed through porcine mucosa within 40 min. Higher percentage of drug release was observed from films containing the sweeteners. The stability studies conducted for a period of 8 weeks showed no appreciable change in drug content, surface pH, and in vitro drug release