CAUSES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN CHILDREN OF IRKUTSK REGION

Background. Immune thrombocytopenia in children is not a rare disease. Currently, this diagnosis is found in 2 times more often than 5-10 years ago. Acute immune thrombocytopenia is increasingly taking on a chronic course. Aims. At present, it is impossible to predict the outcome of the disease. But the chronic course of the disease significantly reduces the quality of life of children and their parents. The purpose of the study is to determine the likely causes of the development and chronicity of the disease. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of 433 case histories of the cancer department of the Regional Children’s Hospital in Irkutsk was conducted. Statistical processing of the received data was carried out with the help of the Matlab program and statistical package “Statistica 6.0”. Results. The main trigger factor is ARVI and vaccination against poliomyelitis. Sensitization to herpes viruses can be a provoking factor in the development of the disease when re-encountering the virus. The brighter the clinic, the more children receive immunoglobulin treatment and the disease often ends with complete recovery. Children with minimal clinical manifestations are treated with hormones and more often the disease passes into a chronic form. Conclusion. If the child is discharged from the hospital with only a clinical improvement, then there is a greater likelihood of a chronic process

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ПРАВИЛЬНОСТИ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ РЕНТГЕНОФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНОГО АНАЛИЗА АЭРОЗОЛЕЙ ОТ ЧИСЛА ИЗЛУЧАТЕЛЕЙ, ВЫРЕЗАННЫХ ИЗ ОДНОГО ФИЛЬТРА

The dependence of the accuracy of the X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) aerosol results on the number of emitters cut from the single loaded filter was studied. Analyses were performed using the synthetic "filters" in the form of the thin organic films of known analyte contents simulating real aerosol samples collected on the aspiration filters. The diameter of their working surface was 9 cm, which allowed to cut out 5 emitters with 3 cm diameter and to estimate the dependence of error of XRF results when varying the number (n) of emitters from 1 to 5. It was established that when using one emitter (n = 1) cut out from the central part of the inhomogeneous "filter" the error (variation coefficient Vni) in XRF results can reach 40%; when increasing their number the Vnivalue decreases, and when n = 5, it is about 6%, and this corresponds to a random error of the method. However, this procedure substantially increases the labor intensity of the analytical works. The applicability of the emitter was evaluated, consisting of the whole "filter" material of a working surface diameter of9 cm. Under these conditions the background intensity increases, which reduces the contrast of the X-ray spectrum by 6 times. The contrast decreases only by 25% when using double-layer emitters. Thus, for XRF it is recommended to collect the aerosols on filters with 5 cm diameter and to measure the analytical signal from the material of the whole sample.Key words: X-ray fluorescence analysis, aspiration filters loaded by aerosols, sample preparation, synthetic organic films, accuracy in the analysis results.(Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2016.20.3.002 T.V. Stepanova, A.N. Smagunova, V.S. TolmachevaIrkutsk State University1 K. Marx St., Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation Изучена зависимость точности результатов рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа (РФА) аэрозолей от количества излучателей, вырезанных из одного нагруженного фильтра. Исследования выполняли с помощью синтетических «фильтров» в виде тонких органических пленок с известным содержанием аналитов, имитирующих реальные пробы аэрозолей, собранные на аспирационные фильтры. Диаметр их рабочей поверхности составлял 9 см, что позволило вырезать 5 излучателей диаметром 3 см и оценить зависимость погрешности результатов РФА при изменении числа (n) излучателей от 1 до 5. Установлено, что при использовании одного (n = 1) излучателя, вырезанного из центральной части неоднородного «фильтра», погрешность (коэффициент вариации Vнi) результатов РФА может достигать 40 %; с ростом их числа величина Vнi уменьшается, и при n = 5 она составляет примерно 6 %, что соответствует случайной погрешности метода, но этот прием существенно увеличивает трудоемкость аналитических работ. Оценили возможность использования излучателя, состоящего из всего материала «фильтра» с диаметром рабочей поверхности 9 см. В этих условиях возрастает интенсивность фона, что снижает контрастность рентгеновского спектра в 6 раз. При использовании двухслойных излучателей контрастность уменьшается только на 25 %, поэтому для РФА рекомендовали отбирать аэрозоли на фильтры диаметром 5 см и измерять аналитический сигнал от материала всей пробы.Ключевые слова: рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ, нагруженные аэрозолями аспирационные фильтры, приготовление излучателей, синтетические органические пленки, точность результатов анализа.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2016.20.3.00

Galectin-3 as a Marker of Cardiorenal Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Aim. To assess the effect of renal dysfunction on the galectin-3 level in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) with preserved, intermediate and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF).Material and methods. Along with a clinical examination, 69 patients with HF (NYHA class II-IV) underwent tests for the level of NT-proBNP and galectin-3 in serum using enzyme immunoassay.Results. Study participants were divided into 3 groups: 23 patients with preserved EF (HFpEF), 26 patients with midrange EF (HFmrEF), 20 patients with reduced EF (HFrEF). There was a trend to increase the concentration of galectin-3 with increase in NT-proBNP level. Correlation analysis showed significant feedback (r=−0.41, p<0.05) between galectin-3 and EF only in patients with preserved systolic function. In the same group of HFpEF patients, the maximum serum galectin-3 level was 10.5 [6.5; 14.5] ng/ml. Serum galectin-3 level showed negative correlated with the GFR in patients with CHF (r=−0.513, p<0.05). In patients with HF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 it was higher than in patients with GFR>60 ml/min/1.72 m2 (9 [5.3; 12.6] ng/mL vs 11.8 [6.2; 15.3] ng/mL, p<0.05). According to the ROC-analysis data, galectin-3 level >10.3 ng/ml indicates a high risk of chronic kidney disease stage 3-4 stage development (sensitivity 60%, specificity 75%) and can be considered as a risk factor for development of cardiorenal syndrome in HF patients.Conclusion. Galectin-3 level in patients with HF is more influenced by the degree of reduction in GFR rather than the left ventricular systolic function impairment

Relationships between the activity of neurohormonal systems and intracardiac hemodynamics in patients with heart failure: focus on galectin-3

The introduction of novel biomarkers necessitates their detailed study in patients with different heart failure (HF) phenotypes as part of a personalized approach to assessing the disease severity and predicting outcomes.Aim. To assessthe activity of following neurohormonal systems: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and galectin-3 in HF with preserved, mildly reduced and reduced ejection fraction (EF).Material and methods.  In 69 patients with NYHA class II-IV HF,  along with a general clinical examination, the level of NT-proBNP and serum galectin-3 was determined by enzyme immunoassay.Results. Patients included in the study were divided into 3 groups: preserved EF (HFpEF) — 23 patients, mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF) — 26 patients, and reduced EF (HFrEF) — 20 patients. In patients with HF, the level of galectin-3 did not directly depend on EF, but was associated with NT-proBNP level as follows: there was a tendency to increase the concentration of galectin-3 in the tertile groups of NT-proBNP. Correlation analysis revealed significant feedback (r=-0,41, p<0,05) between galectin-3 and left ventricular EF only in patients with preserved systolic function. In the same group of HFpEF patients, the maximum values of serum galectin-3 indices were noted, reaching 10,5 [6,5; 14,5] ng/ml.Conclusion. Analysis of neurohormonal activity demonstrated a unidirectional increase in NT-proBNP and galectin-3 in patients with HF, regardless of left ventricular EF, while the maximum values of galetin-3 were observed in patients with HFpEF

Molecular genetic markers of myocardial infarction in combination with type 2 diabetes

Aim. To study associations of rs2464196 and rs11212617 polymorphisms with the development of myocardial infarction (MI) in combination with type 2 diabetes  (T2D).Material and methods. The study included two groups: main group (n=115) — patients with prior myocardial infarction and T2D, comparison  group (n=116) — patients with myocardial  infarction without T2D, hospitalized  from December 1, 2018 to December  31, 2019 at the Regional Vascular Center № 1 of the City Clinical Hospital № 1. Participants were comparable in sex and age. Patients underwent  clinical and instrumental investigations,  a genetic test for single nucleotide polymorphisms, which showed associations with the development  of MI and T2D according to genome-wide  association study (GWAS): rs2464196 of the HNF1A  gene, rs11212617 of the ATM gene.Results. Carriage of the AA genotype of the HNF1A  rs2464196 polymorphism was found to be associated MI in combination with T2D in the general group (odds  ratio (OR), 3,180, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1,206-8,387, p=0,015). After division of the group by sex, significant differences  remained only in women (OR=9,706, 95% CI, 1,188-79,325, p=0,011).Conclusion. The data obtained can make it possible to identify a priority group of patients for personalized prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Comparative cytogenetics of anembryonic pregnancies and missed abortions in human

Miscarriage is an important problem in human reproduction, affecting 10–15 % of clinically recognized pregnancies. The cases of embryonic death can be divided into missed abortion (MA), for which the ultrasound sign of the embryo death is the absence of cardiac activity, and anembryonic pregnancy (AP) without an embryo in the gestational sac. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in extraembryonic tissues detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis of spontaneous abortions depending on the presence or absence of an embryo. This is a retrospective study of 1551 spontaneous abortions analyzed using GTG-banding from 1990 to 2022 (266 cases of AP and 1285 cases of MA). A comparative analysis of the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and the distribution of karyotype frequencies depending on the presence of an embryo in the gestational sac was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed using a chi-square test with a p < 0.05 significance level. The total frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in the study was 53.6 % (832/1551). The proportion of abnormal karyotypes in the AP and MA groups did not differ significantly and amounted to 57.1 % (152/266) and 52.9 % (680/1285) for AP and MA, respectively (p = 0.209). Sex chromosome aneuploidies and triploidies were significantly less common in the AP group than in the MA group (2.3 % (6/266) vs 6.8 % (88/1285), p = 0.005 and 4.9 % (13/266) vs 8.9 % (114/1285), p = 0.031, respectively). Tetraploidies were registered more frequently in AP compared to MA (12.4 % (33/266) vs. 8.2 % (106/1285), p = 0.031). The sex ratio among abortions with a normal karyotype was 0.54 and 0.74 for AP and MA, respectively. Thus, although the frequencies of some types of chromosomal pathology differ between AP and MA, the total frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in AP is not increased compared to MA, which indicates the need to search for the causes of AP at other levels of the genome organization, including microstructural chromosomal rearrangements, monogenic mutations, imprinting disorders, and epigenetic abnormalities

The study of the accuracy dependence of xrf aerosol results on the number of emitters cut from a single filter

The dependence of the accuracy of the X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) aerosol results on the number of emitters cut from the single loaded filter was studied. Analyses were performed using the synthetic “filters” in the form of the thin organic films of known analyte contents simulating real aerosol samples collected on the aspiration filters. The diameter of their working surface was 9 cm, which allowed to cut out 5 emitters with 3 cm diameter and to estimate the dependence of error of XRF results when varying the number (n) of emitters from 1 to 5. It was established that when using one emitter (n = 1) cut out from the central part of the inhomogeneous “filter” the error (variation coefficient Vni) in XRF results can reach 40%; when increasing their number the Vnivalue decreases, and when n = 5, it is about 6%, and this corresponds to a random error of the method. However, this procedure substantially increases the labor intensity of the analytical works. The applicability of the emitter was evaluated, consisting of the whole “filter” material of a working surface diameter of 9 cm. Under these conditions the background intensity increases, which reduces the contrast of the X-ray spectrum by 6 times. The contrast decreases only by 25% when using double-layer emitters. Thus, for XRF it is recommended to collect the aerosols on filters with 5 cm diameter and to measure the analytical signal from the material of the whole sample.Изучена зависимость точности результатов рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа (РФА) аэро- золей от количества излучателей, вырезанных из одного нагруженного фильтра. Исследования выполняли с помощью синтетических «фильтров» в виде тонких органических пленок с известным содержанием аналитов, имитирующих реальные пробы аэрозолей, собранные на аспирационные фильтры. Диаметр их рабочей поверхности составлял 9 см, что позволило вырезать 5 излучате- лей диаметром 3 см и оценить зависимость погрешности результатов РФА при изменении числа (n) излучателей от 1 до 5. Установлено, что при использовании одного (n = 1) излучателя, вырезанно- го из центральной части неоднородного «фильтра», погрешность (коэффициент вариации Vнi ) ре- зультатов РФА может достигать 40 %; с ростом их числа величина Vнi уменьшается, и при n = 5 она составляет примерно 6 %, что соответствует случайной погрешности метода, но этот прием суще- ственно увеличивает трудоемкость аналитических работ. Оценили возможность использования излучателя, состоящего из всего материала «фильтра» с диаметром рабочей поверхности 9 см. В этих условиях возрастает интенсивность фона, что снижает контрастность рентгеновского спектра в 6 раз. При использовании двухслойных излучателей контрастность уменьшается только на 25 %, поэтому для РФА рекомендовали отбирать аэрозоли на фильтры диаметром 5 см и измерять ана- литический сигнал от материала всей пробы

Vaccination and Mortality of Patients with a Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19): A Global Approach

Aim. The aim is to study the correlation between the vaccination rate (VR) and mortality rate of patients with COVID-19 (MpCOV).Methods. The countries with gross domestic product per capita corrected for purchasing power parity (GDP PPP) over $-10,000 were selected for an ecologic study. The city-states and countries with a population of 1,000,000 were excluded. The number of patients who died from COVID-19 within a week was divided by the number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 within a week 20 days earlier to calculate MpCOV.Results. We included 85 countries. VR (r = –0.604; p < 0.001) and GDPpcPPP level (p = 0.202), is an independent determinant of MpCOV. There was no significant difference in MpCOV between groups of countries with VR < 20 % and 20–39 % (1.96 [1.21; 4.67] vs. 1.96 [1.01; 3.36] %; p = 0.464). MpCOV was higher in countries where VR were lower when groups of countries with VR of 20–39 %, 40–59 %, 60–79 %, and ≥80 % were compared (1.96 [1.01; 3.36] vs. 1.11 [0.76; 1.64] vs. 0.50 [0.39; 1.00] vs. 0.16 [0.10; 0.21]; p = 0.003; p = 0.020, and p = 0.008).Conclusions. An increase in VR correlates with a decrease in MpCOV

Epidemiological Situation on Tick-Borne Viral Encephalitis in the Russian Federation in 2011–2021 and Short-Term Forecast of its Development

The aim of the work was to analyze the epidemiological situation on tick-borne viral encephalitis in the endemic territories of the Russian Federation in 2021 in comparison with the dynamics over 2011–2020 and its shortterm forecast for 2022. In Russia, 48 constituent entities belonging to seven federal districts are endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis (TBVE). There is a statistically significant downward trend in the incidence of TBVE in the Siberian Federal District (which is characterized by the maximum incidence rate in the country), the Volga and Far Eastern Federal Districts. In the Ural Federal District (the second in terms of TBVE incidence), the decline in the incidence has stalled since 2021. The average long-term incidence of TBVE in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation varies from sporadic (Republic of Crimea)  up to 12.5 per 100 thousand of the population (0/0000) (Krasnoyarsk Territory). In 2021, TBVE cases were detected in 42 endemic regions and in one non-endemic region – Stavropol Territory. At the same time, 1015 cases of TBVE were in the country (0.69 0/0000). In all Federal Districts, the incidence of TBVE is below the long-term average values. Using the Quantum GIS program, the incidence of TBVE in 917 administrative territories of the country has been ranked and grouped according to the level of epidemiological risk. This made it possible to establish that 65 % of the territories form a zone of low epidemiological risk. High and very high epidemiological risk is observed in 13% of the analyzed districts. The structure of TBVE clinical manifestations in 2021 was dominated by febrile (59.7 %) and meningeal (24.3 %) forms. 14 lethal outcomes were reported. In 2021, 2 889 515 people were vaccinated (including 1 433 850 children), of which 14 fell ill. Specific immunoglobulin was used to prevent the overt development of infection in 100 704 individuals, which accounts for 22.6 % of the persons affected by tick bites (30.6 % among children). Acaricidic treatments were carried out on an operational area of 233 125 hectares of territories of socially significant objects. The scope of all TBVE prevention measures in 2021 increased as compared to 2020. In 2022, a decline in the incidence of TBVE in endemic Federal Districts and in the country on the whole is forecasted to (0,64±0,192) 0/0000

Abnormal methylation of PRDM16 and PTPRN2 genes in chorionic villi in miscarriage

Relevance. Abnormal epigenetic regulation of genes responsible for the development of the embryo and placenta is associated with many pregnancy pathologies. Aim. The aim of this work was to analyze the prevalence of abnormal methylation of the PRDM16 and PTPRN2 genes in chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions with normal karyotype and with the most frequent aneuploidies (trisomy 16 and monosomy X). Materials and Methods. The methylation profile was evaluated using targeted bisulfite massive parallel sequencing in chorionic villi of induced abortions (n = 10), spontaneous abortions with normal karyotype (n = 39), trisomy 16 (n = 17) and monosomy X (n = 20) and peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy volunteers (n = 6). Results and Discussion. In analyzed genes, differential methylation of individual CpG sites was found in chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions. Despite the absence of significant differences between the groups in the average level of methylation in analyzed gene regions, abnormal methylation of the PRDM16 and PTPRN2 genes were detected for 33 % and 5 % of spontaneous abortions, respectively, indicating a high incidence of epigenetic abnormalities in these genes in the chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions. The level of methylation of the PRDM16 gene significantly correlated with the level of methylation of the retrotransposon LINE-1, which indicates the generalized nature of methylation disorders in spontaneous abortions. Finally, the level of methylation of the PTPRN2 gene depended on the age of mothers of spontaneous abortions with monosomy X, which raises the question of the influence of maternal factors on the methylation profile in this group of spontaneous abortions. Conclusion. The results indicate that epigenetic disorders of the PRDM16 gene may be associated with spontaneous termination of pregnancy in the first trimester