Legal standards of free utilization of intellectual property in the sphere of digital economy

The aim of the article is the development of legal standards of free utilization of intellectual property, which will become the basis for the new complex legislative regulation of relationships, that has been arisen due to the development of digital economy. Conceptual basis for the new institutional environment can be represented by the theory of free culture, practical implementation of which provides the transition from agreement-based monopolistic rhetoric towards free utilization of the results of intellectual activity in the cyber environment. We conclude the need to define the legal regime for intellectual property, dependent on its intended use into commercial and non-commercial. We propose to free the sphere of non-commercial from as many legislative barriers as possible. We also propose to widen the use of simplified registration procedures with the participation of commercial organizations, as well as intellectual property (IP) data bases. The preservation of copyright in this sphere is sensible. The principles of equity, fairness should be fundamental institutions for the free utilization of IP. Authors propose the most open and vast rules of communication within the digital environment, which have evolved naturally. Separate standards exists in the form of concepts requiring practical implementation, others have been legally enforced, such as the priority of market mechanisms over government regulation of Internet, principle of balance of right-holders and users. Absence of unified standards of synchronization of digital hardware and high cost of automated systems of control with exclusive rights within the Internet network (e.g. Swiss DRM) oppose the development of digital economy. The results of the study can be used in further development of the stated problems.peer-reviewe

Electronic currency : the potential risks to national security and methods to minimize them

The article reveals the essential characteristic of virtual currencies. The estimate is given to the development of risks and threats to national security, combating laundering of criminal money and terrorism financing, which are formed under the conditions of the growing interest in virtual currencies, including Bitcoin. It is suggested to minimize negative effect arising in this relation. Methods are proposed to adapt the management center in the virtual currency infrastructure.peer-reviewe

Legal defense of foreign citizens and non-citizens’ economic rights and interests from criminal offense and other incidents

The paper analyzes issues of defense of foreign citizens’ and apatrides’ economic rights and interests from criminal offense and wrongful acts within the Russian Federation. Due to situation of political strain, fueled by refugee crisis, obviously national legal system faces new challenges in maintaining human values within its borders. The key idea of the paper is a legal capacity to renege from providing the non-citizens of national equality, addressing the lex personalis i.e., the law of the alien’s home country for meaningful rights and interests’ defense. The certainty is based on the fact that the legislation of alien’s home country could not always correspond with the Russian one and it could not be read as a decline in alien’s legal status. Even a superficial view reveals lots of theoretical and enforcement issues ranging from providing equal defense from criminal or administrative offence to defense from maladministration. Despite the distinctions in national legal systems, common European trend is aimed at highest possible defense of non-citizens’ and apatrides’ economic interests. Thus, Russian legal system admits feasible aliens’ adjective law limitations as a retaliatory measure for Russian citizens’ rights limitation abroad. Authors push for balancing both personal and public interests when determining the legal defense of economic interests of non-citizens in accordance with European practice.peer-reviewe

On the nature of picobirnaviruses

The picobirnaviruses (Picobirnaviridae, Picobirnavirus, PBVs) are currently thought to be animal viruses, as they are usually found in animal stool samples. However, no animal model or cell culture for their propagation has yet been found. In 2018, a hypothetical assumption about PBVs belonging to prokaryotic viruses was put forward and experimentally substantiated. This hypothesis is based on the presence of Shine–Dalgarno sequences in the genome of all PBVs before three reading frames (ORF) at the ribosomal binding site, with which the prokaryotic genome is saturated, while in the eukaryotic genome such regions occur with low frequency. The genome saturation with the Shine–Dalgarno sequences, as well as the preservation of this saturation in the progeny, according to scientists, allows us to attribute PBVs to prokaryotic viruses. On the other hand, there is a possibility that PBVs belong to viruses of eukaryotic hosts – fungi or invertebrates, since PBV­like sequences similar to the genome of fungal viruses from the families of mitoviruses and partitiviruses have been identified. In this regard, the idea arose that, in terms of reproduction mode, PBVs resemble fungal viruses. The divergence of views on the true PBV host(s) has sparked discussions among scientists and required further research to elucidate their nature. The review highlights the results of the search for a PBV host. The reasons for the occurrence of atypical sequences among the PBV genome sequences that use an alter­ native mitochondrial code of lower eukaryotes (fungi and invertebrates) for the translation of viral RNA­dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) instead of the standard genetic code are analyzed. The purpose of the review was to collect arguments in support of the hypothesis about the phage nature of PBVs and to find the most realistic explanation of the reasons for identifying non­standard genomic sequences for PBVs. Based on the hypothesis about the genealogical relationship of PBVs with RNA viruses from other families with similar segmented genomes, such as Reoviridae, Cystoviridae, Totiviridae and Partitiviridae, virologists support the assumption of a decisive role in the origin of atypical PBV­like reassortment strains between PBVs and viruses of the listed families. The collected arguments given in this review indicate a high probability of a phage nature of PBVs. The data presented in the review show that the belonging of PBV­like progeny to prokaryotic or eukaryotic viruses is determined not only by its genome saturation level with a prokaryotic motif, standard or mitochondrial genetic code. The primary structure of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein responsible for the presence or absence of specific proteolytic properties of the virus that determine its ability for independent horizontal transmission into new cells may also be a decisive factor

Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods

This article presents a general overview of the prevalence, genetic diversity and detection methods of picobirnaviruses (PBVs), which are small, non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome consisting of two segments taxonomically related to the genus Picobirnavirus of the family Picobirnaviridae. This review of scientific papers published in 1988–2019 provides data on the PBV distribution in the nature and a broad host range. PBV infection is characterized as opportunistic, the lack of understanding of the etiological role of PBVs in diarrhea is emphasized, since these viruses are detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The concept of PBV infection as a chronic disease caused by a long-lasting persistence of the virus in the host is considered. Such factors as stress syndrome, physiological conditions, immune status and host age at the time of primary PBV infection influence the virus detection rate in humans and animals. The possible zoonotic nature of human PBV infection is noted due to the capacity for interspecies PBV transmission acquired during evolution as a result of the reassortment of the genome segments of different viruses infecting the same host. Data providing evidence that PBVs belong to eukaryotes and a challenging hypothesis stating that PBVs are bacterial viruses are presented. The need to intensify work on PBV detection because of their wide distribution, despite the complexity due to the lack of the cultivation system, is emphasized. Two strategies of RT-PCR as main PBV detection methods are considered. The genomes of individual representatives of the genus isolated from different hosts are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility of developing primers with broader specificity for expanding the range of identifiable representatives of the genus PBV due to a huge variety of their genotypes. The importance of effective monitoring of PBV prevalence for studying the zoonotic and anthroponotic potential using metagenomics analysis is highlighted, and so is the possibility of using PBV as a marker for environmental monitoring

Regioselective synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives of calix[4]arenes based on 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

Regioselective synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives of calix[4]arenes based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of substituted benzyl azides to tetra(propargyloxy)calix[4]arenes in the presence of copper iodide was carried out. The presence of the p-methoxybenzyl substituent in the triazole ring leads to a dramatic (more than tenfold) increase in the fluorescence of the corresponding macrocycle in a region of 290-310 nm. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

Viral load as a factor of persistence of papillomavirus infection in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I

Introduction. The viral antigenic load can influence the nature of the infectious response, leading to elimination of the virus or to chronicity of the process, and in some cases to the progressive course of the disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the types of viral load of human papillomavirus and the age of a patient with cervical cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade IЦель исследования — изучение взаимосвязи типов вирусной нагрузки вируса папилломы человека с возрастом пациентки при цервикальной интраэпителиальной неоплазией шейки матки I степен

Динамика содержания 137Cs в кормах сельскохозяйственных животных в районах Брянской области, пострадавших после аварии на ЧАЭС

The paper continues the cycle of publications addressed to the study of regularities of 137Cs content changes in agricultural products after the Chernobyl accident. The aim of the studies was to analyze the information describing changes in the 137Cs concentrations in agricultural animal forage: hay, haylage, silage and green fodder in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region affected by the contamination after the ChNPP accident. The data on countermeasures in the fodder production are given and the system of radiological monitoring of fodder contamination is described. It is shown that the dynamics of changes in the 137Cs concentrations in fodder was mainly determined by the dynamics of implementation of remedial measures. The effective halflives of 137Cs concentration in forages during the first period after the accident (1987-1990) varied from 0.57 to 2.7 years. Subsequently (1991-2021) the decrease in feed contamination slowed down and the half-lives ranged from 8.0 to 50.0 years and longer depending on the scope of remediation and the characteristics of the plants used for the animal feed production.Публикация продолжает цикл работ, посвященных изучению закономерностей изменения содержания 137Cs в продукции сельскохозяйственного производства после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Целью исследований являлся анализ информации, описывающей изменение содержания 137Cs в кормах сельскохозяйственных животных в юго-западных районах Брянской области. Приведены данные по проведению защитных мероприятий в кормопроизводстве, описана система радиологического мониторинга загрязнения кормов. Показано, что динамика изменения содержания 137Cs в кормах во многом определялась регулярностью и особенностями проведения агротехнических реабилитационных мероприятий. Эффективные периоды полуснижения содержания 137Cs в кормах в первый период после аварии (1987–1990 гг.) варьировали в пределах от 0,57 до 2,7 лет. В последующем (1991–2021 гг.) снижение загрязнения кормов замедлилось, а периоды полуснижения варьировали от 8,0 до 50 лет и более в зависимости от объемов реабилитационных работ и особенностей растений, используемых для производства кормов

Differences in the amino acid composition of the antigen epitopes of the VP7 protein of Russian rotaviruses with the G9 genotype and the vaccine strains RotaTeq, Rotavac, and Rotarix

Introduction. Rotaviruses of group A (RVA) with genotype G9P[8] are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in Russia. In Nizhny Novgorod, the part of G9P[8] among all RVA strains reached 63.1% during 2016–2017 epidemic season. Two live rotavirus vaccines, RotaTeq and Rotarix have been successfully introduced into the national immunization programs worldwide. In addition, the Indian vaccine Rotavac, based on the strain with G9P[8] genotype, is used on a regional level. The parent strains for all mentioned vaccines were isolated more than 30 years ago. There is no data about phylogenetic analysis and comparative analysis of antigenic epitopes of Russian G9P[8] wild-type isolates and vaccine strains. In the present study, for the first time, we provide a comparative phylogenetic analysis and research of the amino acid composition of the B- and T-cell epitopes of the VP7 protein between Russian rotaviruses with the G9 genotype and the vaccine strains in RotaTeq, Rotarix and Rotavac composition. Materials and methods. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the VP7 gene of RVA with genotype G9 were studied. The rotaviruses had been previously isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in the infectious hospital in Nizhny Novgorod during 2011–2016. Results. A phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene showed that the Nizhny Novgorod strains belong to the G9-III allele. Based on the amino acid sequences VP7, three B-cell epitopes (7–1a, 7–1b and 7–2) and two T-cell epitopes (16–28 aa and 40–52 aa) were analyzed. The smallest number of substitutions was found in the RotaTeq vaccine registered in Russia: from 0 to 3 aa differences at the epitope. The same (from 0 to 3 aa differences at the epitope) was found between the wild-type strains RVA and the Rotavac vaccine. The largest number of amino acid differences was found between the vaccine strain Rotarix and the Nizhny Novgorod G9 strains (from 3 to 10 aa at the epitope). Conclusion. In the present work, based on nucleotide sequences VP7 gene, we provide phylogenetic and comparative analyses of the amino acid composition of antigenic epitopes of G9 RVA isolated in Russia vs rotavirus strains in vaccines RotaTeq, Rotavac and Rotarix. The accumulation of mutations in antigenic epitopes can help the virus to escape the immune response. Continuous molecular monitoring of wild-type RVA strains is necessary for estimation of the possible impact of vaccines on the genotype diversity of the rotavirus population in the wild and to monitor the emergence of novel antigenic variants