Carnitine exchange in the assessment of tissue energetics and physical performance of young athletes

Objective: to develop prognostic criteria for assessing the physical performance of children engaged in different sports, using the features of carnitine metabolism. Materials and methods: 94 young athletes and 37 students as a control group were included to the study. Indicators such as free and bound carnitine, maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) (as an indicator of physical performance), and the body composition were studied. Results: statistical analysis of the data indicated that the average amount of total carnitine in the group of children engaged in field hockey was lower (45.9±1.6 µmol/l) comparing with the group of representatives of cyclic sports (52.6±1.1 µmol/l) and with the group of control (46.3±1.0 µmol/l). The study of the level of MOC in the abovementioned groups revealed statistically significant differences. Thus, among the field hockey players the average level of absolute MOC was 2.2±0.1 lpm, swimmers – 3.8±0.2 lpm, in the control group – 2.7±0.1 lpm. The study showed significant positive correlation between the level of absolute MOC with total and free carnitine. The data obtained may indicate a greater aerobic performance in athletes with a higher content of free carnitine. Conclusions: thus, after studying the state of carnitine metabolism and maximum oxygen consumption, it becomes possible to predict the state of physical performance of children, which determines the measures to prevent health problems during intense physical activity

Специализированные объекты ландшафтной архитектуры города Новосибирска

Today, a modern large city can only be imagined with specialised landscape objects. They belong to the group of public facilities, the functional feature of which is formed, as a rule, under the pressure of the city’s cultural, social and historical environment. The presence of such facilities provides a wide range of recreational activities and contributes to the multifaceted development of the personality of visitors. The article presents a methodology developed by the authors for assessing the attractiveness and integration into the urban gardening system of specialised objects of landscape architecture in Novosibirsk. The proposed method makes it possible to determine the popularity of an entity among the population, its accessibility, its performance of the prevailing function, the possibility of social integration of people with disabilities, and the organisation of the landscape on the territory. Five specialised objects of various functional orientations were identified in the structure of Novosibirsk. Among them, parks of communication with nature and protect flora and fauna prevail in number (Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Dendrological Park, Novosibirsk Zoo named after R.A. Shilo). These objects are also the most popular among the residents of the city. The main factor in attracting visitors to such sites is the cognitive function. The historical and architectural open-air museum needs to be better integrated into the system of urban landscaping due to poor awareness of citizens about this object, the lack of developed transport and pedestrian communications and unhindered access for all categories of citizens. The dendrological park needs a reconstruction of the landscape organisation and functional zoning of the territory; for this object, the problem of popularization among the city’s residents is also relevant in the course of the analysis of specialized landscape objects of Novosibirsk, the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, the Central Park, the Novosibirsk Zoo named after N.N. R.A. Awl. However, none of them fully meets all the necessary criteria. Reconstruction of varying degrees is required for each facility, considering social trends and modern processes.На сегодняшний день современный крупный город невозможно представить без системы специализированных ландшафтных объектов. Они относятся к группе объектов общественного назначения, функциональная особенность которых формируется, как правило, под давлением культурно-социальной и исторической среды города. Наличие таких объектов обеспечивает широкий выбор рекреационной деятельности и способствует многогранному развитию личности посетителей. В статье приводится разработанная авторами методика по оценке привлекательности и интегрированности в систему городского озеленения специализированных объектов ландшафтной архитектуры Новосибирска. Предложенная методика позволяет оценить популярность объекта у населения, его доступность, выполнение им превалирующей функции, возможности социальной интеграции людей с ограниченными возможностями, организацию ландшафта на территории. Всего в структуре Новосибирска было выделено пять специализированных объектов различной функциональной направленности. Среди них по численности преобладают парки общения с природой и охранной флоры и фауны (Центральный сибирский ботанический сад, Дендрологический парк, Новосибирский зоопарк им. Р.А. Шило). Эти объекты являются и наиболее популярными среди жителей города. Основным фактором привлечения посетителей на таких объектах становится познавательная функция. Историко-архитектурный музей под открытым небом слабо интегрирован в систему городского озеленения вследствие плохой информированности граждан о данном объекте, отсутствия развитых транспортных и пешеходных коммуникаций и беспрепятственного доступа для всех категорий граждан. Дендрологический парк нуждается в реконструкции ландшафтной организации и функциональной зональности территории, для этого объекта также актуальна проблема популяризации среди жителей города. В ходе анализа специализированных ландшафтных объектов Новосибирска большее количество баллов получили Центральный сибирский ботанический сад, Центральный парк, Новосибирский зоопарк им. Р.А. Шило. Однако ни один из них в полной мере не отвечает всем необходимым критериям. Требуется реконструкция различной степени для каждого объекта с учетом социальных тенденций и современных процессов

Carnitine metabolism and maximum oxygen consumption in young athletes

Purpose. To assess physical performance of children doing sports on the basis of carnitine exchange indicators.Characteristics of children and research methods. The study involved 94 young athletes and 37 schoolchildren (Control Group). The researchers studied such indicators as free and bound carnitine, maximum oxygen consumption and body composition.Results. The study noted positive reliable correlations between the level of absolute maximum oxygen consumption and the content of total and free carnitine in the blood. The data obtained may indicate greater aerobic performance in athletes with a high level of free carnitine in the blood, since its sufficient amount provides adequate cellular energy exchange.Conclusion. Thus, studying the state of carnitine indicators and body composition, it is possible to predict physical performance of children and to prevent deterioration of health in children during intense physical exertion

Specific features of amino acid metabolism in young athletes

The study of the blood levels of amino acids and carnitine will be able to predict the performance efficiency of young athletes. Objective: to determine blood amino acid concentrations in young athletes and to establish whether they are correlated with the level of carnitine. The study group included 94 athletes with different types of physical activity, as well as children from the control group. The study was conducted by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after capillary blood sampling. An analysis of the obtained samples determined the levels of 12 amino acids and identified differences in relation to the type of exercise and gender. The contribution of two amino acids to the variance of the level of bound carnitine was estimated. The contribution of the levels of methionine and phenylalanine was 51.1 and 47.8%, respectively. Thus, the study of the content of amino acids, the level of carnitine, and their relationship can predict the performance efficiency of young athletes, which is especially important to prevent their worse health and lower performance

TOPICAL QUESTIONS OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF CHILDREN’S AND YOUTH SPORTS

An effective system of children’s and youth sports, selection and preparation of a the reserve for national teams predetermines the success of athletes in international competitions. Therefore, the development of medical and biological support of children’s sports is an important part of sports medicine. It is proved that when building a training process for different ages, it is necessary to take into account the adaptation processes, as well as the energy supply of the child’s organism. Based on numerous studies, we can conclude that mitochondria play the most important role in the process of energy supply, as well as carnitine, a substance that is a carrier of long chain fatty acids into the cytosol, an activator of beta oxidation and the Krebs cycle. Timely detection of factors adversely affecting and limiting physical activity at the macro level (overtraining, incompatibility of physical activity with the body capabilities) and at the micro level (carnitine deficiency), the ability to eliminate these factors and the adequate use of correction tools help to achieve high results in sports and preserve the health of the athlete

Carnitine metabolic features in young athletes

Objective: to reveal differences in the carnitine metabolism of children going in for various sports. The peripheral blood levels of free (FC) and bound carnitine (BC) were studied; a BC/FC ratio was calculated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizationtandem mass spectrometry in 121 children, including 46 ice-hockey players, 48 swimmers, and 27 healthy schoolchildren. The study established that the levels of FC in the group of ice-hockey players were 29,9±0,95 μmol/L, which was significantly lower than those in the group of swimmers (36,29±0,84 μmol/L) at p<0,001. In the ice-hockey players and swimmers, the BC/FC ratio was 0,54±0,02 and 0,46±0,02, respectively (the differences were significant; p<0,01. Analysis of gender-related differences revealed the lowest FC level in the group of female ice-hockey players and the highest BC/FC ratio in that of male ice-hockey players. This suggests that the swimmers, cyclical sports representatives (who perform mainly aerobic activity), have a more effective cellular energy