BIOAKUMULACIJA LIPOSOLUBILNIH ONEČIŠĆIVAČA U VODENIM SUSTAVIMA

One of the major problems of water pollution is the capability of pollutants to concentrate in aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of such chemicals in fish render it unsuitable for human consumption. Bioconcentration of water pollutants through algae, zooplankton and other organisms, can lead to their accumulation through food.chain, with the fish at the top of the pelagic food web. The occurrence of elevated residue levels of various xenobiotics with increasing trophic level has been demonstrated in a variety of aquatic environments and organisms. The increased bioconcentration occurs with increasing trophic level. The tendency of a chemical to bioconcentrate has been shown to be strongly related to its lipophilicity. Trophic.level differences in bioconcentration are due largely to increased lipid content and decreased chemical elimination efficiency of organisms occupying increasing trophic levels. The accumulation of pollutant is expressed as the bioconcentration factor (BCF), which is determined as the rate of its uptake to the organism and its elimination from it plus the organism growth rate. Chemical uptake efficiency from water, excretion rate, and chemical assimilation efficiency are variable as a function of the octanol.water partition coefficient (Kow).Jedan od najvećih problema onečišćenja vode raznim onečišćivačima jest u tome što se oni mogu koncentrirati u vodenim organizmima. Bioakumulacija i biokoncentracija onečišćivača u ribi čine takvu ribu nepogodnom za ljudsku prehranu. Biokoncentracija onečišćivača iz vode preko algi, zooplanktona i drugih organizama može dovesti do njihove akumulacije preko prehrambenog lanca, s ribom na vrhu pelagičkoga prehrambenog niza. Pojava povišene razine ksenobiotika uz povišenje trofične razine prisutna je u brojnim vodenim sustavima i organizmima koji žive u vodi. Tendencija neke kemijske tvari prema biokoncentraciji vrlo je usko vezana s njezinom lipofilnošću. Razlike trofičnih razina u biokoncentraciji posljedica su povećanog sadržaja lipida i smanjene sposobnosti kemijske eliminacije organizama viših trofičnih razina. Mogućnost nakupljanja polutanata u organizmu može se odrediti biokoncentracijskim faktorom (BCF), koji je odnos stupnja unosa i stupnja eliminacije određenoga spoja zbrojen sa stupnjem rasta organizma. Djelotvornost unosa kemijske supstancije iz vode, stupanj izlučivanja, te učinkovitost kemijske asimilacije ovise o kemijskom koeficijentu odnosa oktanola i vode (Kow)

SHELL DISEASES AND TOXINS REGULATED BY LAW

U Hrvatskoj postoji duga tradicija uzgoja školjaka, uz perspektivu daljnjeg razvoja školjkarstva. Budući da su školjke osjetljivi organizmi koji zahtijevaju posebne uvjete uzgoja i klime, podložne su i mnogim bolestima. Bonamiozu, haplosporidiozu, marteiliozu, mikrocitozu i perkinsozu navodi Međunarodni ured za epizootije kao bolesti školjaka koje se prijavljuju po zakonu, a iridovirozu kao bolest od potencijalnog međunarodnog značenja. Iste su bolesti Zakonom o veterinarstvu iz godine 1997. regulirane kao zarazne bolesti školjaka čije je sprečavanje i suzbijanje od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku. Iako se ne suzbija po zakonu, u tekstu je ovoga članka, zbog svoje važnosti, opisana i Mytilicola bolest. Prema Pravilniku Ministarstva zdravstva iz godine 1994., jestivi dio školjaka pretražuje se na toksine nekih morskih dinoflagelata, koji mogu biti štetni za ljudsko zdravlje, a to su PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poison), DSP (Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poison) i NSP (Neuroparalytic Shellfish Poison).There is a long tradition of cultivating shells in Croatia, and the shell industry has a good perspective of further development. Since shells are delicate organisms that require special breeding conditions and climate, they are also subject to many diseases. Bonamiosis, haplospioridiosis, marteiliosis, microcytosis and perkinsosis are stated by the International Bureau for Epizootics as shell diseases that, in keeping with law, must be reported, and iridovirosis as a disease of a potential international importance. The same diseases are regulated by the Veterinary Law from 1997 as infectious diseases prevention of which is of an interest for the Republic of Croatia. Although, according to the law, it does not have to be prevented, in this article the disease Mytilicola is also described. According to the Health Department Statute from 1994, eatable part of shells are being tested for toxins of some marine dinoflagelates that can damage human health, and these are PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poison), DSP (Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poison) and NSP (Neuroparalytic Shellfish Poison)

SHELL DISEASES AND TOXINS REGULATED BY LAW

U Hrvatskoj postoji duga tradicija uzgoja školjaka, uz perspektivu daljnjeg razvoja školjkarstva. Budući da su školjke osjetljivi organizmi koji zahtijevaju posebne uvjete uzgoja i klime, podložne su i mnogim bolestima. Bonamiozu, haplosporidiozu, marteiliozu, mikrocitozu i perkinsozu navodi Međunarodni ured za epizootije kao bolesti školjaka koje se prijavljuju po zakonu, a iridovirozu kao bolest od potencijalnog međunarodnog značenja. Iste su bolesti Zakonom o veterinarstvu iz godine 1997. regulirane kao zarazne bolesti školjaka čije je sprečavanje i suzbijanje od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku. Iako se ne suzbija po zakonu, u tekstu je ovoga članka, zbog svoje važnosti, opisana i Mytilicola bolest. Prema Pravilniku Ministarstva zdravstva iz godine 1994., jestivi dio školjaka pretražuje se na toksine nekih morskih dinoflagelata, koji mogu biti štetni za ljudsko zdravlje, a to su PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poison), DSP (Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poison) i NSP (Neuroparalytic Shellfish Poison).There is a long tradition of cultivating shells in Croatia, and the shell industry has a good perspective of further development. Since shells are delicate organisms that require special breeding conditions and climate, they are also subject to many diseases. Bonamiosis, haplospioridiosis, marteiliosis, microcytosis and perkinsosis are stated by the International Bureau for Epizootics as shell diseases that, in keeping with law, must be reported, and iridovirosis as a disease of a potential international importance. The same diseases are regulated by the Veterinary Law from 1997 as infectious diseases prevention of which is of an interest for the Republic of Croatia. Although, according to the law, it does not have to be prevented, in this article the disease Mytilicola is also described. According to the Health Department Statute from 1994, eatable part of shells are being tested for toxins of some marine dinoflagelates that can damage human health, and these are PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poison), DSP (Diarrhoeic Shellfish Poison) and NSP (Neuroparalytic Shellfish Poison)

PCR AS DIAGNOSTIC METHOD IN AQUACULTURE

PCR je akronim za »polymerase chain reaction« (metoda lančane reakcije polimeraza), tehniku koja se temelji na otkrivanju i umnožavanju specifičnih DNA odnosno RNA sljedova. Može se primijeniti u dijagnostici nasljednih bolesti, forenzici, populacijskoj genetici, sistematici, bioinženjerstvu, evolucijskoj biologiji, pa i u akvakulturi. Ovom je metodom moguće dijagnosticirati niz virusnih, bakterijskih i parazitarnih bolesti riba, školjaka i rakova. Prednosti tehnike očituju se u brzom dobivanju rezultata, visokoj specifičnosti i osjetljivosti.PCR is an acronym for »polymerase chain reaction«, a technique based on detection and amplification of specific DNA and RNA sequences. It can be applied in diagnostics of hereditary diseases, forensics, population genetics, systematics, bioengineering, evolution biology, and also aquaculture. With this method it is possible to diagnose an array of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases of fish, shellfish and crustaceans. The advantages of the technique are manifested in rapid obtaining of results, high specificity and sensitivity

High-throughput discrimination of bacteria isolated from Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus

Bacterial diseases and pathogens of crayfish are common, widespread, and occasionally causing serious mortalities. In order to take rapid measures for correct treatment of crayfish diseases, the turnover time and accuracy in bacterial identification is an issue. Bacteria isolated from tissues of apparently healthy Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus were identified by the commercial phenotypic tests (API 20E) and by the matrix assisted laser induced desorption ionization connected to the time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). For Gram-negative rods, API 20E resulted in fewer species identifications than MALDI-TOF MS (5.2% versus 52.61%). The most frequently identified genus from A. astacus and A. leptodactylus was Pseudomonas spp.: API 20E (47.82%) and MALDI-TOF MS (52.17%). Both systems identified 60.86% of total isolates identically to the genus. Hafnia alvei was the only isolate for which API 20E and MALDI-TOF MS had a concordant reading to the species. MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a powerful, low-cost, rapid tool in bacterial genus identification. This is the first report of a direct comparison between the two systems for the identification of bacteria in crayfish, and also the first report on using MALDI-TOF MS for discrimination of freshwater crayfish bacterial isolates

BACTERIAL DESEASES IN SEA FISH

Razvojem uzgoja ribe u moru povećalo se zanimanje za praćenje njihova zdravstvenoga stanja. Razlog su tome bolesti, odnosno uginuća, koja se pojavljuju u takvim ribogojilištima, te uzrokuju velike ekonomske gubitke. Smještajem velike količine ribe na malu površinu promijenjeni su prirodni uvjeti, pa je osjetljivost i podložnost ribe uzročnicima (virusima, bakterijama, parazitima) bolesti veća. Osim toga, velika gustoća riba u uzgoju pospješuje širenje bolesti, ali isto tako i njihovo bolje zamjećivanje. Kod divljih populacija oboljele jedinke brzo postanu plijen grabežljivaca, pa je i uočavanje patološkoga stanja takvih riba otežano. Danas postoji niz napisa o virusnim, bakterijskim i parazitarnim bolestima, ali je ovdje pažnja posvećena isključivo bakterijskim bolestima koje se javljaju u kontroliranom uzgoju u moru (vibrioza, furunkuloza, pastereloza, nokardioza, mikobakterioza, edvardsieloza, jersinioza, bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama roda Flexibacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Streptococcus i bakterijski nefritis). Pritom, spoznaje o njima veoma variraju, ovisno o tome uzgaja li se neka morska vrsta ribe već duže razdoblje ili se tek uvodi u kontrolirani uzgoj.With development of the fish culturing in the sea, the interest in their health also increased. The reason for this are diseases or rather mortality that occur in such controlled cultures and cause great economic losses. By growing large quantities of fish in rather small species, natural conditions are changed, so fish is more sensitive and prone to infection agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites). Besides, a large fish density in the cultural process accelerates spreading if the diseases, but also enables a better perception of them. In wild populations sick specimen very quickly become predator’s prey, witch makes it difficult to note any pathological changes in such fish. There are lots of articles on viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases nowdays, but this work deals exclusively with bacterial deseases that occur in the controlled sea cultures (vibriosis, furunculosis, pastherelosis, nocardiosis, mycobaceriosis, edwardsielosis, yersiniosis, deseases caused by bacteria of genera Flexibacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Streptococus and bacteria nephryithis). Yet, the knowledge of these deseases vary, depending on wether a fish species is being cultured for a longer period of time or is only being introduced in the controlled culture

BACTERIAL DESEASES IN SEA FISH

Razvojem uzgoja ribe u moru povećalo se zanimanje za praćenje njihova zdravstvenoga stanja. Razlog su tome bolesti, odnosno uginuća, koja se pojavljuju u takvim ribogojilištima, te uzrokuju velike ekonomske gubitke. Smještajem velike količine ribe na malu površinu promijenjeni su prirodni uvjeti, pa je osjetljivost i podložnost ribe uzročnicima (virusima, bakterijama, parazitima) bolesti veća. Osim toga, velika gustoća riba u uzgoju pospješuje širenje bolesti, ali isto tako i njihovo bolje zamjećivanje. Kod divljih populacija oboljele jedinke brzo postanu plijen grabežljivaca, pa je i uočavanje patološkoga stanja takvih riba otežano. Danas postoji niz napisa o virusnim, bakterijskim i parazitarnim bolestima, ali je ovdje pažnja posvećena isključivo bakterijskim bolestima koje se javljaju u kontroliranom uzgoju u moru (vibrioza, furunkuloza, pastereloza, nokardioza, mikobakterioza, edvardsieloza, jersinioza, bolesti uzrokovane bakterijama roda Flexibacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Streptococcus i bakterijski nefritis). Pritom, spoznaje o njima veoma variraju, ovisno o tome uzgaja li se neka morska vrsta ribe već duže razdoblje ili se tek uvodi u kontrolirani uzgoj.With development of the fish culturing in the sea, the interest in their health also increased. The reason for this are diseases or rather mortality that occur in such controlled cultures and cause great economic losses. By growing large quantities of fish in rather small species, natural conditions are changed, so fish is more sensitive and prone to infection agents (viruses, bacteria, parasites). Besides, a large fish density in the cultural process accelerates spreading if the diseases, but also enables a better perception of them. In wild populations sick specimen very quickly become predator’s prey, witch makes it difficult to note any pathological changes in such fish. There are lots of articles on viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases nowdays, but this work deals exclusively with bacterial deseases that occur in the controlled sea cultures (vibriosis, furunculosis, pastherelosis, nocardiosis, mycobaceriosis, edwardsielosis, yersiniosis, deseases caused by bacteria of genera Flexibacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Streptococus and bacteria nephryithis). Yet, the knowledge of these deseases vary, depending on wether a fish species is being cultured for a longer period of time or is only being introduced in the controlled culture

Small dense LDL and oxidised LDL in dyslipidemic patients

XIV International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, 18-22 June 2006, Rome, Ital