Perioperative events influence cancer recurrence risk after surgery.

Surgery is a mainstay treatment for patients with solid tumours. However, despite surgical resection with a curative intent and numerous advances in the effectiveness of (neo)adjuvant therapies, metastatic disease remains common and carries a high risk of mortality. The biological perturbations that accompany the surgical stress response and the pharmacological effects of anaesthetic drugs, paradoxically, might also promote disease recurrence or the progression of metastatic disease. When cancer cells persist after surgery, either locally or at undiagnosed distant sites, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways activated in response to surgery and/or anaesthesia might promote their survival and proliferation. A consequence of this effect is that minimal residual disease might then escape equilibrium and progress to metastatic disease. Herein, we discuss the most promising proposals for the refinement of perioperative care that might address these challenges. We outline the rationale and early evidence for the adaptation of anaesthetic techniques and the strategic use of anti-adrenergic, anti-inflammatory, and/or antithrombotic therapies. Many of these strategies are currently under evaluation in large-cohort trials and hold promise as affordable, readily available interventions that will improve the postoperative recurrence-free survival of patients with cancer

Evaluation of direct effect of testosterone on NGEP and LMO1 expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells

Background: Androgens play a major role in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa) and the growth of PCa cells is based on the level of androgens. New Gene Expressed in Prostate (NGEP) and LIM-domain-only1 (LMO1) are two proteins that seem to play important roles in prognosis and progress of PCa, respectively. Previous studies reported androgen-dependent NGEP and LMO1 translocation into the nucleus associated with androgen receptor in an androgen-dependent manner. However, the effects of natural androgens such as testosterone on NGEP and LMO1 gene expression have not been investigated and not clear whether androgens can affect NGEP and LMO1 gene expression. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of testosterone on NGEP and LMO1 gene expression in PCa cells. Methods: We investigated NGEP, LMO1 and prostate specific antigen (PSA; as positive control) gene expression in LNCaP cells by Real Time RT-PCR in the presence of various testosterone concentrations (5,10, 20 and 50nM) after 24 and 48 hours of incubation. Results: Our results showed that NGEP gene expression was significantly increased in LNCaP cells in the presence of 5mM testosterone after 24 and 48hours, ~4.5 and 3.5 folds respectively in comparison with the control. The LMO1 expression was increased ~ 2.8 folds at 5nM testosterone after 48 hours of incubation when compared with the control. Conclusion: Both NGEP and LMO1 up-regulations occurred at a limited range of testosterone concentration. This androgen dependency was relatively lower than that of PSA. Additional studies are required to clearly evaluate the effect of androgens on NGEP and LMO1 protein expression and functions. © 2016 Bentham Science Publishers

Comparative evaluation of morphology and osteogenic behavior of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells on 2D culture plate and 3D biomimetic scaffold

Expansion of seeded human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) on 2D culture plates and 3D nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/gelatin scaffolds, from morphology and osteoactivity points of view, were investigated. Cell attachment and spreading, temporal expression profiles of selected osteogenic gene and protein markers, intracellular alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity (ALP activity), and matrix mineralization were assayed over the course of the experiments. Morphological results demonstrated hWJ-MSCs had greater affinity to adhere onto the 3D scaffold surface, as the number and thickness of the filopodia were higher in the 3D compared with 2D culture system. Functionally, the intracellular ALP activity and extracellular mineralization in 3D scaffolds were significantly greater, in parallel with elevation of osteogenic markers at the mRNA and protein levels at all-time point. It is concluded that 3D scaffolds, more so than 2D culture plate, promote morphology and osteogenic behavior of WJ-MSCs in vitro, a promising system for MSCs expansion without compromising their stemness before clinical transplantation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer, from Conventional Methods Towards the New Promising CTCs

Prostate cancer is the second common cancer in men. Unluckily, as the result of the indolence of this cancer in its early stages, timely diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Hence, in the case of this malignancy, health management and mass monitoring of the population is difficult for health organizations. Because of the incompetence of the conventional diagnostic techniques, many researches are trying to find novel biomarkers in order to develop preventive intervention, screening and targeted therapy. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are new biomarkers originating from primary and/or metastatic tumors, and circulate in the bloodstream. Molecular properties of these new biomarkers provide valuable information about the status of the tumor and can be useful in selection of an appropriate therapy. So far lots of methods have been developed for separating CTCs, such as microfluidics technology. Despite of the recent achievements, current methods suffer from several limitations which hinder effective isolation of all subpopulation of CTCs. Thus, finding an ideal method for separating all subsets of CTSs, is still unmet. Herein, conventional diagnostic methods which are used for detection of prostate cancer are introduced and necessities of new diagnostic techniques specially, does based on CTCs are discussed. This review shows that new emerging techniques and promising biomarkers like CTCs could be effectively applied for early detection of prostate cancer and increase the chance of the successful treatment

In vitro interaction of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells with biomimetic 3D scaffold

Study of cell-biomaterial interaction is a crucial aspect of bone tissue engineering to find a state-of-the-art functional substitute. In present study, the Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) behavior on three-dimensional biomimetic nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/gelatin (nHA/CS/Gel) scaffolds was investigated. The outcome was assessed by histological, biochemical and morphological tests. Results indicated that hWJ-MSCs attached onto the scaffold surface through membrane filopodia, uniformly spread throughout the contacting surface. It only took 3 days for the seeded cells to appear deep inside the scaffold, reflecting proper hWJ-MSCs adhesion and migration, evidenced by both scanning electron microscope and hematoxilin and eosin assessments. Additionally, the present fabricated nHA/CS/Gel scaffold proved to be non-toxic as it supported cell proliferation measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Moreover, 3-week culture of hWJ-MSCs on scaffolds, immersed in osteogenic medium, rendered the microenvironment in favor of hWJ-MSCs differentiation into osteoblast cells and extracellular matrix secretion. Finally, osteoblasts were immunologically positive for various osteogenic markers including osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, and alkaline phosphatase. Present findings indicate that nHA/CS/Gel scaffold appropriately harbored hWJ-MSCs, stimulating their growth, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. hWJ-MSCs-loaded nHA/CS/gel substitute may therefore be considered as a suitable platform for the rising demand in in vivo bone repair studies. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1166�1175, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Evaluation of Bioactivity and Biocompatibility of Silk Fibroin/TiO2 Nanocomposite

Biodegradable polymer/bioceramic nanocomposites are osteoconductive and can accelerate healing of bone tissue. In this research, silk fibroin (SF)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites were synthesized using different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt). The SF/TiO2 nanocomposites were studied in terms of bioactivity and biocompatibility. The in vitro assessment of osteoblasts compatibility indicated that SF inclusion rendered nanocomposite biocompatible whereas presence of TiO2 nanoparticles allowed the cells to adhere and grow on nanocomposite surface and enhanced the bioactivity of the composite. © 2017, Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering

Evaluation of Bioactivity and Biocompatibility of Silk Fibroin/TiO2 Nanocomposite

Biodegradable polymer/bioceramic nanocomposites are osteoconductive and can accelerate healing of bone tissue. In this research, silk fibroin (SF)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposites were synthesized using different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt). The SF/TiO2 nanocomposites were studied in terms of bioactivity and biocompatibility. The in vitro assessment of osteoblasts compatibility indicated that SF inclusion rendered nanocomposite biocompatible whereas presence of TiO2 nanoparticles allowed the cells to adhere and grow on nanocomposite surface and enhanced the bioactivity of the composite. © 2017, Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering