Hyperuricemia: Features of the Diet

The association of hyperuricemia (HU) with cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and kidney disease has been demonstrated in numerous studies. НU is the main pathogenetic factor in the development of gout and is associated with an increase in overall and cardiovascular mortality. НU is included in the list of factors determining cardiovascular risk. According to epidemiological studies, there is a high prevalence of HU in the world and its increase in recent decades. A number of factors have been identified that contribute to the increased risk of НU. Non-modifiable factors include gender, age, genetic factors, and modifiable factors include diet and lifestyle. Nutritional unbalances, increased life expectancy, increased prevalence of obesity, and increased use of drugs (especially diuretics) are seen as contributing factors to the rise in НU. The review was carried out to summarize the available information on the effect of dietary habits, individual foods and nutrients on serum uric acid (SUA) levels and the risk of developing HU. The review presents the results of scientific studies demonstrating the relationship of НU with the consumption of foods rich in purines (offal, red meat, fish, seafood, legumes), alcohol consumption, drinks sweetened with fructose, coffee, dairy products, vegetables and fruits. Diet correction is an important and necessary step in the prevention and treatment of НU. The article reviews the basic principles of dietary management in HU and provides dietary recommendations for patients. For effective prevention and treatment of НU, a mandatory correction of the diet is required

Healthy Eating in Population Models of Nutrition: Asian Diet Style Summary

The population of Japan and Okinawa is known for the longest life expectancy, which many researchers rightly associate with the nature of nutrition existing in these territories. The Japanese diet and Okinawan diet, along with other traditional diets, are real examples of historically established sustainable patterns of healthy eating. Asian eating styles have marked differences from European eating patterns, not only in differences in food sources, but also in eating habits. The article presents the historical, climatic and cultural features of these diets; the issues of food composition, energy and nutritional value of these models of nutrition are considered in detail with an analysis of the differences existing between them; highlights the benefits of products grown mainly in Japan, which are ration-forming for the population of this country; as well as the results of scientific studies on the protective effect of the Japanese and Okinawan diets on human health and disease prevention

COVID-19 and nutrition: new emphases, old priorities (review of guidelines)

Currently, the relevance of nutritional issues is due to two significant reasons: an increased risk of COVID-19 infection and prolonged stay at home (self-isolation). As part of the first block, guidelines on healthy eating are supplemented by the rules of personal hygiene, sanitary-andhygienic food processing, food technology, the proper storage temperature, etc, and of the second — by maintaining the healthy diet assortment: planning purchase products with long shelf life, complaining with the recommended composition, amount of food consumed and diet. The latter are aimed at monitoring the development of macro- and micronutrient deficiency and the prevention of nutrition-dependent risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases, given the low physical activity during self-isolation period. The article provides an overview of expert additions to the guidelines on healthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic

Gender-specific associations between educational status and body weight in the Russian national representative sample

Aim. In the Russian national representative sample, to investigate gender-specific associations between educational level and body mass parameters: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), abdominal obesity (AO), as well as the links between education and cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) components – arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM).Material and methods. The study included 9686 people aged 24-84 years: 3980 men and 5706 women. Response rate was 87,8%.Results. Higher-educated people demonstrated lower levels of BMI and WC, lower prevalence of AO and clinical states associated with increased BM – AH and AH + AO (р<0,001). Higher-educated individuals also had minimal age-related gradient in BM and WC increase (р<0,001). Educational differences in BM were observed in subjects aged over 25 years (educational status is defined by this age), and were maximal in working-age individuals under 60 years. In older individuals, the association between education and BM was less clear. In men, education was not significantly associated with BM parameters, while in women, this association was statistically significant (р<0,001). In lower-educated women, odds ratios (ORs) for AO, AH, and their combination were, respectively, 2,4 (95% CI 2,0-2.9), 1,6 (95% CI 1,4-1,95), and 1,95 (95% CI 1,6-2,4). In women with secondary education, respective ORs were 1,95 (95% CI 1,7-2,3), 1,2 (95% CI 1,0-1,4), and 1,5 (95% CI 1,2-1,8), comparing to their peers with higher education. Among men, OR for AH was 1,6 (95% CI 1,3-1,9) in the lower-educated and 1,3 (95% CI 1,1-1,6) in those with secondary education.Conclusion. Among women, educational level was significantly linked to BM parameters and BM-related characteristics of AH and AO. In men, this association was observed for AH only

Healthy Diet: New Rations for Individual Use

Nutrition is one of the most significant factors influencing the state of health, the development of diseases and the generally the human longevity. The nature of nutrition, which has a protective effect, is the basis of the healthy diet. Among healthy nutritious rations, there are those that have developed naturally, formed from the cultural food heritage and later were made in scientific nutritional recommendations. These are such diets as the Mediterranean type of food, the Scandinavian diet, the Tibetan style of food, etc. At the same time, there are diets specially developed by specialists for specific purposes. All of them correspond to the basic principles of the healthy diet: balance, usefulness and energy balance. This article offers an overview of the use of individual diets that have been developed by nutritionists, such as the intermittent fasting diet, the Paleo diet, and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet. The article discusses the differences and advantages of these dietary approaches, presents the results of effectiveness, considers the limitations and features of their use

Cardioprotective diet: prevalence, associations and prevention reserves

Most traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are diet dependent and are caused by an imbalanced nutrition. A healthy diet and individual eating habits have a significant protective effect against CVD.Aim. To study the prevalence of dietary habits with protective effects against CVD in the adult population.Material and methods. The analysis was performed using data of representative samples in 13 Russian regions of male and female population aged 25-64 years (n=19520; men — 7329, women — 12191). The response rate was about 80%. The diet was assessed by the frequency of consumption of certain foods. The cardioprotective diet included: daily consumption of vegetables and fruits, weekly — fish products, the use of only vegetable oils in cooking, and consumption of low-fat dairy. The presence of all 4 eating habits was considered Ideal Diet (ID), 1-3 habits — Intermediate Diet (ImD), none of listed habits — Bad Diet (BD).Results. The ImD was the most common — 85,8%. However, there were slight regional differences — from 80,1% in the Ivanovo Oblast to 91,0% in the Tyumen Oblast (p<0,001). The prevalence of ID was 7,0%; more common — among women (p<0,001), urban residents (p<0,001), people with higher education (p<0,001) and unemployed participants (p=0,016). It increases with age (p<0,001). The highest rate of ID was noted in St. Petersburg (13,8%) and Primorsky Krai (10,5%), the lowest — in the Volgograd (3,6%) and Tyumen Oblasts (3,5%), in the Republic of North Ossetia (3,4%). BD was more common in men (p<0,001), among people aged 25-34 years (p<0,001), less educated (p<0,001) and low-income (p<0,001) people. The prevalence of BD in the general population was 7,2% and varies from 3,1% in the Voronezh Oblast to 13,6% in the Volgograd Oblast. Individuals with hyperglycemia (50%), abdominal obesity (20%) and general obesity (18%), dyslipidemia (15%) and history of CVD (22%) were more likely to have ID. Persons with hyperglycemia (17%), abdominal obesity (13%), general obesity (11%), dyslipidemia (8%) and history of CVD (9%) were more likely to have ImD.Conclusion. A low prevalence of cardioprotective diet in the population was revealed. Only individual habits are widespread; however, a small part of Russians follow all cardioprotective habits

Prevalence of total cardiovascular risk components among primary healthcare workers

Aim. To study the prevalence of total cardiovascular (CV) risk components among medical professionals working in primary healthcare.Material and methods. The study included all doctors and nurses working in four Moscow City polyclinics (n=348; response rate 87,2%). The majority of the participants were women (88,2%); the mean age was 46,9+11,3 years (46,9+11,3 and 47,6+11,1 years in women and men, respectively). All participants underwent questionnaire sur­vey, anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, and glucose level measurementResults. The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in the study sample was 44% (2% for first-diagnosed AH). As many as 97,3% of AH patients took antihypertensive medications, with target BP levels achieved in 55,8%. However, BP was self-controlled by 53,7% of AH subjects only. The prevalence of smoking was 30,7% (56,1% in men, 27,4% in women). Only 37,6% had normal body weight, while 41,1% and 19,9% were overweight and obese, respectively. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 33,0%, hypercholesterolemia — 69,3%, hyperglycaemia — 3,5%, and coronary heart disease — 14,8%. Very high total CV risk was registered in 14,9% of the participants, high risk — in 6,6%, moderate risk — in 12,4%, average risk — in 6,0%, and low risk — in 44%.Conclusion. The results of risk factor assessment and total CV risk stratification provided a complex health evaluation among healthcare professionals, as well as identified target groups for further preventive intervention

RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN TEACHING STAFF AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF TOMSK CITY (THE DATA FROM MULTICENTER PROSPECTIVE PREVENTION STUDY)

Aim. To study the prevalence of risk factors (RF) of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the teaching staff of primary schools in Tomsk city. Material and methods. Totally 154 teachers studied (staff of 2 general education schools of Tomsk) at the age of 21-71 y. Mean age 46,6±10,9. Response — 84%. Results. Prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) among the staff was 51,9%, and primary onset of AH — in 3,2%. Less than a half of teachers with AH took antihypertension therapy (42,8%) and just in 15% of those we found target levels of blood pressure during business day. Prevalence of smoking was 7,0%. We found a high prevalence of alimentary CVD risk factors. Two thirds of the staff were overweight (68,8%). Prevalence of excessive bodyweight was 33,1% and of obesity — 35,7%, of abdominal obesity — 40,2%. In teaching staff there was high level of hyperglycemia (12,1%), hypercholesterolemia (78,0%) and hypertriglyceridemia (32,0%). Insufficient physical activity was noted in 30% of teachers. Conclusion. The main points are found for the development and implementation of preventive strategies in the group — effective control over AH and correction of alimentary-dependent RF of CVD

Cardiovascular risk factors in school teachers

Aim. To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (RFs) in Moscow secondary school teachers. Material and methods. This clinico-preventive examination included 190 teachers from 4 secondary schools in North-Western Moscow Region. The response rate was 94%, the percentage of women was 95,8%, and the mean age of participants was 47,2±0,9 years. All participants underwent anthropometry and the measurement of blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TCH), and blood glucose levels. Results. The assessed cardiovascular RFs were absent in 17,6% of the school teachers. The majority of the participants had a combination of various cardiovascular RFs. The prevalence of AH combination with other RFs was 36,2%. The prevalence of AH and newly diagnosed AH was 36,7% and 6,1%, respectively. Antihypertensive therapy (AHT) prevalence was 87,9% in teachers with AH; however, target BP levels were not achieved. The prevalence of smoking and overweight was 28,0%. Normal body weight was registered in 39,3% of teachers, while 32,9%, 24,7% and 3,1% had overweight, obesity and severe obesity, respectively. Abdominal obesity (AO) was observed in 45,3%. Hypercholesterolemia (HCH) prevalence was 48,9%; 53,9% of HCH patients had moderately elevated TCH levels, and 46,1% had substantially elevated TCH concentrations. Overweight, AO, and HCH were more prevalent in teachers with AH: the respective percentages were 86,4%, 67,6%, and 62,1% (p<0,05). Only 36,1% of the teachers had a single RF, while 25,4% and 20,9% had 2 or ≥3 RFs, respectively. Total cardiovascular risk could be categorized in 97,1% of the teachers. High, very high, and intermediate absolute levels of risk were observed in 11,1%, 9,9%, and 39,8%, respectively. The prevalence of low absolute risk and intermediate population risk was 22,2% and 14,1%, respectively. Conclusion. High prevalence of cardiovascular RFs in school teachers justifies active diagnostics and control of these factors. Specific features of RF distribution in this population should be considered while designing and implementing targeted preventive programs

Population-based Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Measures Aimed at Reducing Salt Intake: Analysis of International Strategies and Prospects for Implementation in the Russian Federation

High salt intake is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), closely related to the level of blood pressure in the population. The purpose of the review: to study population-based interventions for CVD prevention, aimed at reducing salt intake; to assess the potential for their implementation in the Russian Federation. We presented population-based strategies for dietary salt intake reduction used in different countries. The main components of strategies aimed to correct this risk factor in the Russian Federation were identified. The main components of the population-based approach to reducing salt intake are: determining population salt consumption, identifying sources of salt in the diet, monitoring of salt content in products, engaging with the food industry, consumer awareness campaigns, changes in product labeling, tax measures. An integrated approach to the problem is the most successful. Measures which were highly effective have not yet been fully implemented in the Russian Federation. At the moment, taxation of high-salt foods and tax subsidies for healthy food are not applied. Food manufacturers are not sufficiently involved - there are no legislatively introduced measures to reduce salt through food reformulation. Firstly it has to be applied to diet-forming products that are consumed daily, such as bakery and dairy products, and meat products