Chloroplast structure and function in wild-type and aurea-type leaves of the Japanese spindle-tree over their life span

The evergreen leaves of the Japanese spindle-tree (Euonymus japonicus Thunb. \u27Aureomarginatus\u27) are adapted to endure repeated freezing and thawing during the winter. We investigated the physiological and morphological characteristics of the chloroplasts in young, overwintering, and overwintered wild-type and aurea-type leaves. When developing in the shade, both leaf types during their life span maintained a well-developed thylakoid system in their chloroplasts. The photosynthesis rates were also similar. When growing in intense sunlight, the aurea variety contained chloroplasts with a reduced thylakoid system, but photosynthesis was less reduced. In spring, overwintered leaves of both varieties clearly showed ultrastructural and physiological characteristics of senescence. The senescence in aurea leaves exposed to full sunlight was more pronounced

Structural changes of lamellar cells in leaves of the moss Polytrichum formosum Hedw. during winter freezing and thawing processes

The lamellar cells of winter leaves of Polytrichum formosum were studied by electron microscopy of thin sections, and the results were compared with those for spring and summer plants. Pigment content and photosynthetic activity were also analysed. The lamellar cells of winter plants, when grown at temperatures above zero, had a similar ultrastructure to those of spring and summer plants. Their pigment content and photosynthetic activity were also similar. On the other hand, the lamellar cells of frozen plants (examined at temperatures about –5 °C) were desiccated, i.e. deformed, the cytosol was shrunken, and the ribosomes and mitochondria were aggregated. The thylakoid system of their chloroplasts was irregularly arranged and the grana thylakoids were compressed. The desiccation of the cells was soon annulled when the ambient temperature rose above zero

CoSimLex : A Resource for Evaluating Graded Word Similarity in Context

State of the art natural language processing tools are built on context-dependent word embeddings, but no direct method for evaluating these representations currently exists. Standard tasks and datasets for intrinsic evaluation of embeddings are based on judgements of similarity, but ignore context; standard tasks for word sense disambiguation take account of context but do not provide continuous measures of meaning similarity. This paper describes an effort to build a new dataset, CoSimLex, intended to fill this gap. Building on the standard pairwise similarity task of SimLex-999, it provides context-dependent similarity measures; covers not only discrete differences in word sense but more subtle, graded changes in meaning; and covers not only a well-resourced language (English) but a number of less-resourced languages. We define the task and evaluation metrics, outline the dataset collection methodology, and describe the status of the dataset so far.Peer reviewe

MultiLexNorm: A Shared Task on Multilingual Lexical Normalization

Lexical normalization is the task of transforming an utterance into its standardized form. This task is beneficial for downstream analysis, as it provides a way to harmonize (often spontaneous) linguistic variation. Such variation is typical for social media on which information is shared in a multitude of ways, including diverse languages and code-switching. Since the seminal work of Han and Baldwin (2011) a decade ago, lexical normalization has attracted attention in English and multiple other languages. However, there exists a lack of a common benchmark for comparison of systems across languages with a homogeneous data and evaluation setup. The MULTILEXNORM shared task sets out to fill this gap. We provide the largest publicly available multilingual lexical normalization benchmark including 12 language variants. We propose a homogenized evaluation setup with both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluation. As extrinsic evaluation, we use dependency parsing and part-of-speech tagging with adapted evaluation metrics (a-LAS, a-UAS, and a-POS) to account for alignment discrepancies. The shared task hosted at W-NUT 2021 attracted 9 participants and 18 submissions. The results show that neural normalization systems outperform the previous state-of-the-art system by a large margin. Downstream parsing and part-of-speech tagging performance is positively affected but to varying degrees, with improvements of up to 1.72 a-LAS, 0.85 a-UAS, and 1.54 a-POS for the winning system

Navika tjelesne aktivnosti kod autora koji su objavljivali u Hrvatskom časopisu za javno zdravstvo

Navike se mogu definirati kao stečeni oblik ponašanja. Navike nastaju višestrukim, višegodišnjim, ponavljanjem odgovarajućih pokreta ili radnji. Postoje razne vrste navika npr. navike ponašanja, higijenske navike, radne navike itd. Neke od njih su pozitivne, a neke negativne. Tjelesna aktivnost je primjer pozitivne navike, koja pridonosi poboljšanju psiho-fizičkog stanja čovjeka, te je stog vrlo važna u primarnoj prevenciji niza kroničnih i akutnih bolesti. Da bi se stvorila navika redovitog tjelesnog vježbanja potrebno je, unatoč fizičkom zamoru koji proizlazi iz same aktivnosti, ponavljati odgovarajuće vježbe ili aktivnosti iz dana u dan, iz godine u godinu. Kada organizam počne prepoznavati umor u vrijeme treninga, a pogotovo nakon treninga, kao vrhunac ugode, tada možete biti sigurni da ste ovisnik o jednoj pozitivnoj navici- tjelesnoj aktivnosti.