REVIEW ON EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NSAIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

Recently, several studies have been reported that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can fight against neurodegenerative disorders by various mechanisms. Currently, available therapies of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) provide only symptomatic relief. This is the point at which we need an alternative that acts on the root cause of disease. Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are the two NDs concentrated here. Since the drug profile is already known, drug repurposing is a promising technique in research, thereby reducing the cost and period effectively. Epidemiological studies on various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) showed good results, but when it came to clinical studies the results are found to be poor. Hence, it can be concluded that NSAIDs provide its neuroprotective activity on its long-term use only, as the brain accessibility of this kind of drug is poor due to its lower lipophilicity

Hemolymph of healthy Doclea rissoni Leach, 1815: A pool for Vibrionaceae?

As diseases have a great impact on the population dynamics, evolution and immune biology of affected organisms, it is important to understand the modes and mechanisms of interaction among the lower animals and their microbial symbionts in nature function together for survival. To achieve this, it is important to understand the community structure of the native flora of these animals. Spider crabs are well known for their tolerance to various pollutants. Nevertheless, the microbiology of their circulatory systems and their role in disease transmission are unknown. Therefore, the bacteria associated with the hemolymph of a spider crab, Doclea rissoni in its natural ecosystem was characterized. Nine healthy crabs were collected from the coastal areas of Kochi, and their hemolymphs were collected. Enumeration of viable bacteria using various media revealed a similar count in all the media (7-10×102 CFU/ml). Characterization of representative isolates by conventional microbiological methods and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was followed. Despite using three different media, all isolates belonged to a single family Vibrionaceae. There were two genera as Vibrio (86.67%) and Photobacterium (13.33%). Among Vibrio, five species belonging to three different clades were isolated, of which two could not be assigned to any known species. These were classified as novel species (belonging to Harveyi clade and, Brasiliensis clade) and their description is underway. The order of relative abundance was V. alginolyticus>Novel Vibrio-II>P. damselae>V. furnissii / V. parahaemolyticus / Novel Vibrio-I. Of these, V. alginolyticus, P. damselae and V. furnissii are implicated in occasional disease outbreaks in humans and animals, posing an increased risk to human economic activity, notably aquaculture practices. Therefore, further investigations are required to find the basis for the mutualistic relationship of vibrios in different crabs

Glimpse towards cultivable hemolymph microbiota of marine crabs: Untapped resource for aquatic probiotics/antibacterial agents

Bacterial diseases have turned out to be the primary constraint in sustainable aquaculture production, where, probiotics can play an important role to prevent or control fish and shellfish diseases. As the autochthonous preparations would be more effective than commercial products, continued search for novel antibacterial strains native to aquatic environment are warranted against aquatic pathogens. Further, knowledge on abundance, composition and role of hemolymph microbes is also essential to predict the health status and disease diagnosis. Hence, in present study, 4 commercially significant marine crabs that are important for aquaculture were used to unravel the implication and significance of cultivable hemolymph microbes. Bacterial abundance was found to be individual- and species-dependent; and statistically significant interaction was present between growth media and abundance. Gram negative isolates represented 84% of hemolymph microbes. Vibrio was the principal genera in all species; each carrying a specific hemolymph microbiota (both in terms of abundance and diversity). The present study forms the first report of genera viz., Enterovibrio, Pantoea, Kluyvera and Enterobacter in crustacean hemolymph. Interestingly, new Vibrio species were also found. Further, the study forms the first observation on inhibitory activity of marine crab hemolymph microbes against aquatic pathogens. Overall, the results highlight marine crab hemolymph microbiota as a promising moreover, an untapped resource for probiotics/ antimicrobial agents to combat aquatic pathogens. Concurrently, the present study fetches a platform for the prediction of health and disease diagnosis of 4 potentially important aquaculture crab species